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Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism
Author: J.A. Philip
Year: 1966
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 25 MB
Language: English



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Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism The history of Western philosophy is replete with stories about Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who lived in the fifth century BCE. However, many of these accounts have been exaggerated or distorted over time, leading to a skewed understanding of their contributions to the development of philosophy and mathematics. In this article, we will examine the evidence for these claims and argue that significant adjustments need to be made to our current understanding of Pythagoras and the early Pythagoreans. Firstly, let us consider the role of Pythagoras himself. According to popular belief, Pythagoras was a philosopher-scientist who founded a religious and philosophical movement that emphasized the importance of mathematics and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. He is credited with discoveries in music, astronomy, and geometry, and his followers were said to have been the first to explore the relationship between mathematics and the physical world. However, a closer examination of the historical record reveals that much of this is myth rather than fact. In reality, Pythagoras was not a philosopher-scientist but rather a mystic who believed in the power of numbers and the divine nature of the universe. His teachings focused on the attainment of spiritual enlightenment through the study of mathematics and the pursuit of virtue, rather than the advancement of scientific knowledge.
Пифагор и ранний пифагореизм История западной философии изобилует историями о Пифагоре и его последователях, пифагорейцах, живших в пятом веке до нашей эры. Однако многие из этих сообщений были преувеличены или искажены с течением времени, что привело к искаженному пониманию их вклада в развитие философии и математики. В этой статье мы рассмотрим доказательства этих утверждений и утверждаем, что необходимо внести существенные коррективы в наше текущее понимание Пифагора и ранних пифагорейцев. Во-первых, рассмотрим роль самого Пифагора. Согласно распространённому мнению, Пифагор был философом-учёным, основавшим религиозно-философское движение, которое подчёркивало важность математики и стремление к знаниям ради неё самой. Ему приписывают открытия в музыке, астрономии и геометрии, а его последователи, как говорили, первыми исследовали связь между математикой и физическим миром. Однако более тщательное изучение истории показывает, что многое из этого скорее миф, чем факт. В действительности Пифагор был не философом-ученым, а скорее мистиком, который верил в силу чисел и божественную природу Вселенной. Его учение было сосредоточено на достижении духовного просветления посредством изучения математики и стремления к добродетели, а не на продвижении научных знаний.
Pythagore et le pythagoréisme précoce L'histoire de la philosophie occidentale regorge d'histoires sur Pythagore et ses disciples, les Pythagoréens qui ont vécu au cinquième siècle av. J.-C. Cependant, beaucoup de ces rapports ont été exagérés ou déformés au fil du temps, ce qui a conduit à une compréhension déformée de leur contribution au développement de la philosophie et des mathématiques. Dans cet article, nous examinerons les preuves de ces affirmations et affirmons qu'il est nécessaire d'apporter des ajustements importants à notre compréhension actuelle de Pythagore et des premiers Pythagoriens. D'abord, considérons le rôle de Pythagore lui-même. Selon la croyance populaire, Pythagore était un philosophe scientifique qui a fondé un mouvement religieux et philosophique qui a souligné l'importance des mathématiques et la recherche de la connaissance pour elle-même. On lui attribue des découvertes dans la musique, l'astronomie et la géométrie, et ses disciples ont été les premiers à explorer le lien entre les mathématiques et le monde physique. Cependant, un examen plus attentif de l'histoire montre qu'une grande partie de cela est un mythe plutôt qu'un fait. En réalité, Pythagore n'était pas un philosophe scientifique, mais plutôt un mystique qui croyait au pouvoir des nombres et à la nature divine de l'univers. Son enseignement était centré sur la réalisation de l'illumination spirituelle par l'étude des mathématiques et la recherche de la vertu plutôt que sur la promotion de la connaissance scientifique.
Pitágoras y el pitagórico temprano La historia de la filosofía occidental está repleta de historias sobre Pitágoras y sus seguidores, los pitagóricos que vivieron en el siglo quinto a. C. n embargo, muchos de estos mensajes han sido exagerados o distorsionados a lo largo del tiempo, lo que ha llevado a una comprensión distorsionada de su contribución al desarrollo de la filosofía y las matemáticas. En este artículo examinaremos la evidencia de estas afirmaciones y argumentaremos que es necesario hacer ajustes sustanciales en nuestra comprensión actual de Pitágoras y los primeros pitagóricos. Primero, consideremos el papel del propio Pitágoras. Según la creencia popular, Pitágoras fue un filósofo científico que fundó un movimiento religioso y filosófico que enfatizó la importancia de las matemáticas y la búsqueda del conocimiento por sí mismo. Se le atribuyen descubrimientos en música, astronomía y geometría, y se dijo que sus seguidores fueron los primeros en investigar la relación entre las matemáticas y el mundo físico. n embargo, un estudio más exhaustivo de la historia muestra que mucho de esto es más un mito que un hecho. En realidad Pitágoras no era un filósofo científico, sino un místico que creía en el poder de los números y la naturaleza divina del universo. Su enseñanza se centró en alcanzar la iluminación espiritual a través del estudio de las matemáticas y la búsqueda de la virtud en lugar de promover el conocimiento científico.
Pitágoras e pífagorismo precoce A história da filosofia ocidental é repleta de histórias sobre Pitágoras e seus seguidores, pitagorais que viveram no século 5º antes de Cristo. No entanto, muitas dessas mensagens foram exageradas ou distorcidas ao longo do tempo, o que levou a uma compreensão distorcida de suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento da filosofia e matemática. Neste artigo, vamos analisar as evidências dessas alegações e afirmar que é preciso fazer ajustes significativos na nossa compreensão atual de Pitágoras e dos pitagorais iniciais. Primeiro, consideremos o papel do Pitágoras. Segundo a opinião comum, Pitágoras era um filósofo estudioso que fundava um movimento filosófico religioso que enfatizava a importância da matemática e da busca pelo conhecimento por ela mesma. As descobertas na música, astronomia e geometria foram atribuídas a ele, e seus seguidores disseram ser os primeiros a investigar a relação entre matemática e o mundo físico. No entanto, um estudo mais aprofundado da história mostra que muito disso é mais um mito do que um fato. Na verdade, Pitágoras não era um filósofo cientista, mas sim um místico que acreditava no poder dos números e na natureza divina do universo. Seus ensinamentos se concentraram em alcançar a iluminação espiritual através do estudo da matemática e da busca pela virtude, em vez de promover o conhecimento científico.
Pitagora e Pitagorismo precoce La storia della filosofia occidentale è piena di storie su Pitagora e i suoi seguaci, pitagorici, vissuti nel quinto secolo avanti Cristo. Tuttavia, molti di questi messaggi sono stati esagerati o distorti nel corso del tempo, portando a una comprensione distorta del loro contributo allo sviluppo della filosofia e della matematica. In questo articolo esamineremo le prove di queste affermazioni e sosteniamo che è necessario apportare modifiche sostanziali alla nostra attuale comprensione di Pitagora e dei pitagorici iniziali. Prima di tutto, prendiamo in considerazione il ruolo di Pitagora stesso. Secondo la convinzione diffusa, Pitagora era un filosofo-scienziato che fondava un movimento religioso-filosofico che sottolineava l'importanza della matematica e la ricerca della conoscenza per lei stessa. Gli vengono attribuite scoperte in musica, astronomia e geometria, e i suoi seguaci sono stati i primi a indagare sul legame tra matematica e mondo fisico. Ma uno studio più approfondito della storia dimostra che molte di queste cose sono più un mito che un fatto. In realtà Pitagora non era un filosofo scienziato, ma piuttosto un mistico che credeva nel potere dei numeri e nella natura divina dell'universo. Il suo insegnamento si concentrava sulla realizzazione dell'illuminazione spirituale attraverso lo studio della matematica e la ricerca della virtù piuttosto che sulla promozione della conoscenza scientifica.
Pythagoras und der frühe Pythagoreismus Die Geschichte der westlichen Philosophie ist voll von Geschichten über Pythagoras und seine Nachfolger, die Pythagoräer, die im fünften Jahrhundert vor Christus lebten. Viele dieser Berichte wurden jedoch im Laufe der Zeit übertrieben oder verzerrt, was zu einem verzerrten Verständnis ihres Beitrags zur Entwicklung von Philosophie und Mathematik führte. In diesem Artikel werden wir die Beweise für diese Behauptungen untersuchen und argumentieren, dass es notwendig ist, wesentliche Anpassungen an unserem gegenwärtigen Verständnis von Pythagoras und den frühen Pythagoräern vorzunehmen. Betrachten wir zunächst die Rolle des Pythagoras selbst. Nach der landläufigen Meinung war Pythagoras ein gelehrter Philosoph, der eine religiös-philosophische Bewegung gründete, die die Bedeutung der Mathematik und das Streben nach Wissen um ihrer selbst willen betonte. Ihm werden Entdeckungen in Musik, Astronomie und Geometrie zugeschrieben, und seine Anhänger sollen die ersten gewesen sein, die die Verbindung zwischen Mathematik und der physischen Welt untersuchten. Eine genauere Untersuchung der Geschichte zeigt jedoch, dass vieles davon eher ein Mythos als eine Tatsache ist. In Wirklichkeit war Pythagoras kein gelehrter Philosoph, sondern ein Mystiker, der an die Macht der Zahlen und die göttliche Natur des Universums glaubte. Seine hre konzentrierte sich darauf, spirituelle Erleuchtung durch das Studium der Mathematik und das Streben nach Tugend zu erreichen, anstatt wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu fördern.
פיתגורס והפיתגוראים המוקדמים ההיסטוריה של הפילוסופיה המערבית גדושה בסיפורים על פיתגורס וחסידיו, הפיתגוראים שחיו במאה החמישית לפני הספירה. עם זאת, רבים מהדיווחים הללו היו מוגזמים או מעוותים במשך הזמן, מה שהוביל להבנה מעוותת של תרומתם להתפתחות הפילוסופיה והמתמטיקה. במאמר זה, אנו בוחנים את הראיות לטענות אלה וטוענים כי יש לבצע שינויים משמעותיים להבנתנו הנוכחית של פיתגורס והפיתגוראים המוקדמים. ראשית, תן דעתך לתפקידו של פיתגורס עצמו. לפי האמונה הרווחת, פיתגורס היה פילוסוף-מדען שייסד תנועה דתית ופילוסופית שהדגישה את חשיבותה של המתמטיקה ואת השאיפה לידע לטובתה. הוא זוכה לתגליות במוזיקה, אסטרונומיה וגאומטריה, ונאמר כי מאמיניו הם הראשונים לחקור את הקשר בין מתמטיקה לעולם הפיזיקלי. עם זאת, בחינה מדוקדקת יותר של ההיסטוריה מראה כי הרבה מזה הוא יותר מיתוס מאשר עובדה. במציאות, פיתגורס לא היה פילוסוף-מדען, אלא מיסטיקן שהאמין בכוח המספרים ובטבע האלוהי של היקום. הוראתו התמקדה בהשגת הארה רוחנית באמצעות חקר המתמטיקה והרדיפה אחר מידות טובות, במקום לקדם ידע מדעי.''
Pisagor ve Erken Pisagorculuk Batı felsefesinin tarihi, MÖ 5. yüzyılda yaşayan Pisagor ve takipçilerinin hikayeleriyle doludur. Bununla birlikte, bu raporların birçoğu zaman içinde abartılmış veya çarpıtılmış, bu da felsefe ve matematiğin gelişimine katkılarının çarpık bir şekilde anlaşılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu yazıda, bu iddiaların kanıtlarını gözden geçiriyoruz ve Pisagor ve erken Pisagorcular hakkındaki mevcut anlayışımızda önemli ayarlamalar yapılması gerektiğini savunuyoruz. Öncelikle Pisagor'un rolünü ele alalım. Popüler inanca göre Pisagor, matematiğin önemini ve kendi iyiliği için bilgi arzusunu vurgulayan dini ve felsefi bir hareket kuran bir filozof-bilim adamıydı. Müzik, astronomi ve geometri alanındaki keşifleriyle tanınır ve takipçilerinin matematik ile fiziksel dünya arasındaki bağlantıyı keşfeden ilk kişi olduğu söylenir. Bununla birlikte, tarihin daha yakından incelenmesi, bunun çoğunun gerçeklerden çok efsane olduğunu göstermektedir. Gerçekte, Pisagor bir filozof-bilim adamı değil, sayıların gücüne ve evrenin ilahi doğasına inanan bir mistikti. Onun öğretisi, bilimsel bilgiyi ilerletmek yerine, matematik çalışması ve erdem arayışı yoluyla manevi aydınlanmaya ulaşmaya odaklandı.
فيثاغورس وفيثاغورسية مبكرة تاريخ الفلسفة الغربية مليء بقصص فيثاغورس وأتباعه، فيثاغورس الذين عاشوا في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد. ومع ذلك، فقد تم تضخيم العديد من هذه التقارير أو تشويهها بمرور الوقت، مما أدى إلى فهم مشوه لمساهماتها في تطوير الفلسفة والرياضيات. في هذه الورقة، نستعرض الأدلة على هذه الادعاءات ونجادل بضرورة إجراء تعديلات كبيرة على فهمنا الحالي لفيثاغورس وأوائل فيثاغورس. اولا، تأمل في دور فيثاغورس نفسه. وفقًا للاعتقاد السائد، كان فيثاغورس فيلسوفًا عالمًا أسس حركة دينية وفلسفية أكدت على أهمية الرياضيات والرغبة في المعرفة من أجلها. يُنسب إليه الفضل في الاكتشافات في الموسيقى وعلم الفلك والهندسة، وقيل إن أتباعه هم أول من استكشف العلاقة بين الرياضيات والعالم الفيزيائي. ومع ذلك، فإن الفحص الدقيق للتاريخ يظهر أن الكثير من هذا هو أسطورة أكثر من كونه حقيقة. في الواقع، لم يكن فيثاغورس فيلسوفًا وعالمًا، بل كان صوفيًا يؤمن بقوة الأرقام والطبيعة الإلهية للكون. ركز تعليمه على تحقيق التنوير الروحي من خلال دراسة الرياضيات والسعي وراء الفضيلة، بدلاً من تطوير المعرفة العلمية.
피타고라스와 초기 피타고라스주의 서구 철학의 역사는 기원전 5 세기에 살았던 피타고라스와 그의 추종자들의 이야기로 가득합니다. 그러나 이러한 보고서 중 다수는 시간이 지남에 따라 과장되거나 왜곡되어 철학과 수학의 발전에 대한 기여를 왜곡했습니다. 이 논문에서 우리는 이러한 주장에 대한 증거를 검토하고 피타고라스와 초기 피타고라스 사람들에 대한 현재의 이해에 상당한 조정이 필요하다고 주장합니다. 먼저 피타고라스 자신의 역할을 고려하십시오. 대중의 믿음에 따르면, 피타고라스는 수학의 중요성과 자신을위한 지식에 대한 욕구를 강조하는 종교적, 철학적 운동을 창립 한 철학자 과학자였습니다. 그는 음악, 천문학 및 기하학에서 발견 된 것으로 유명하며 그의 추종자들은 수학과 물리적 세계의 연결을 탐구 한 최초의 사람이라고합니다. 그러나 역사를 자세히 살펴보면 이것의 대부분이 사실보다 더 신화적인 것으로 나타났습니다. 실제로 피타고라스는 철학자 과학자가 아니라 숫자의 힘과 우주의 신성한 본성을 믿는 신비 주의자였습니다. 그의 가르침은 과학 지식을 발전시키기보다는 수학 연구와 미덕 추구를 통해 영적 깨달음을 얻는 데 중점을 두었습니다.
畢達哥拉斯和早期的畢達哥拉斯主義西方哲學史上充斥著畢達哥拉斯及其追隨者生活在公元前5世紀的畢達哥拉斯人的故事。但是,隨著時間的流逝,這些信息中的許多被誇大或扭曲,導致對他們對哲學和數學發展的貢獻的誤解。在這篇文章中,我們將審查這些主張的證據,並認為有必要對我們目前對畢達哥拉斯和早期畢達哥拉斯人的理解進行重大調整。首先,考慮畢達哥拉斯本人的角色。根據普遍的觀點,畢達哥拉斯是一位哲學家和科學家,他創立了宗教和哲學運動,該運動強調數學的重要性,並為自己追求知識。他因在音樂,天文學和幾何學方面的發現而受到贊譽,據說他的追隨者是第一個探索數學與物理世界之間聯系的人。但是,對歷史的更仔細研究表明,其中大部分是神話而不是事實。實際上,畢達哥拉斯不是哲學家,而是神秘主義者,他相信數字的力量和宇宙的神聖本質。他的教學重點是通過學習數學和追求美德而不是促進科學知識來實現精神啟蒙。

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Epistolary Acts: Anglo-Saxon Letters and Early English Media (Toronto Anglo-Saxon Series)
Leadership, Social Cohesion, and Identity in Late Antique Spain and Gaul (500-700) (Late Antique and Early Medieval Iberia)
Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433: Friends of Friends in the Kingdom of Hungary (Renaissance History, Art and Culture)
Poetry and Psychiatry: Essays on Early Twentieth Century Russian Symbolist Culture (Studies in Slavic and Russian Literature, Culture, and History)
Beginning the Quest: Law and Politics in the Early Work of Eric Voegelin (Volume 1) (The Eric Voegelin Institute Series in Political Philosophy)