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Science and Superstition in the Eighteenth Century a Study of the Treatment of Science in Two Encyclopedias of 1725-1750 Chambers
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Science and Superstition in the Eighteenth Century a Study of the Treatment of Science in Two Encyclopedias of 1725-1750 Chambers' Cyclopedia
Author: Philip Shorr
Year: 2019
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 4.3 MB
Language: English



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The book "Science and Superstition in the Eighteenth Century" by Robert E. Scholz provides a comprehensive overview of the treatment of science in two encyclopedias published during the period of 1725-1750, specifically Chambers' Cyclopedia. The author examines how these works reflect the tension between scientific progress and religious dogma, highlighting the challenges faced by scientists and thinkers of the time in reconciling empirical observation with traditional beliefs. The book begins with an introduction to the historical context of the period, providing insight into the social, political, and cultural factors that influenced the development of science and religion during this time. Scholz then delves into the content of the two encyclopedias, analyzing how they represent the ongoing debate between science and superstition. He explores the various ways in which the authors of these works sought to reconcile scientific discoveries with religious doctrine, often resulting in contradictory or ambiguous statements. One of the central themes of the book is the struggle for authority and legitimacy between scientific and religious authorities. Scholz demonstrates how the proponents of science, such as Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin, sought to establish their theories as the foundation of modern knowledge, while religious leaders resisted these advancements as a threat to their power and influence.
Книга «Наука и суеверия в восемнадцатом веке» Роберта Э. Шольца содержит всесторонний обзор обращения с наукой в двух энциклопедиях, опубликованных в период 1725 - 1750 годов, в частности в Циклопедии Чемберса. Автор исследует, как эти работы отражают напряженность между научным прогрессом и религиозной догмой, подчеркивая проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются ученые и мыслители того времени при согласовании эмпирических наблюдений с традиционными убеждениями. Книга начинается с введения в исторический контекст периода, дающего представление о социальных, политических и культурных факторах, которые повлияли на развитие науки и религии в это время. Затем Шольц углубляется в содержание двух энциклопедий, анализируя, как они представляют продолжающиеся дебаты между наукой и суевериями. Он исследует различные способы, которыми авторы этих работ стремились согласовать научные открытия с религиозной доктриной, часто приводя к противоречивым или двусмысленным утверждениям. Одна из центральных тем книги - борьба за авторитет и легитимность между научными и религиозными авторитетами. Шольц демонстрирует, как сторонники науки, такие как Исаак Ньютон и Бенджамин Франклин, стремились установить свои теории в качестве основы современного знания, в то время как религиозные лидеры сопротивлялись этим достижениям как угрозе их власти и влиянию.
livre « Science et superstition au XVIIIe siècle » de Robert E. Scholz contient un aperçu complet du traitement de la science dans deux encyclopédies publiées entre 1725 et 1750, en particulier dans la Cyclopédie Chambers. L'auteur étudie comment ces travaux reflètent les tensions entre le progrès scientifique et le dogme religieux, en soulignant les défis auxquels sont confrontés les scientifiques et les penseurs de l'époque pour concilier les observations empiriques avec les croyances traditionnelles. livre commence par une introduction dans le contexte historique d'une période qui donne une idée des facteurs sociaux, politiques et culturels qui ont influencé le développement de la science et de la religion à cette époque. Scholz explore ensuite le contenu des deux encyclopédies, analysant comment elles représentent le débat en cours entre science et superstition. Il explore les différentes façons dont les auteurs de ces travaux ont cherché à concilier les découvertes scientifiques avec la doctrine religieuse, conduisant souvent à des affirmations contradictoires ou ambiguës. L'un des thèmes centraux du livre est la lutte pour l'autorité et la légitimité entre les autorités scientifiques et religieuses. Scholz montre comment les partisans de la science, comme Isaac Newton et Benjamin Franklin, ont cherché à établir leurs théories comme base de la connaissance moderne, tandis que les chefs religieux ont résisté à ces réalisations comme une menace pour leur pouvoir et leur influence.
libro «La ciencia y la superstición en el siglo XVIII» de Robert E. Scholz contiene una revisión completa del manejo de la ciencia en dos enciclopedias publicadas durante el período 1725 - 1750, en particular en la Cíclopedia Chambers. autor explora cómo estos trabajos reflejan las tensiones entre el progreso científico y el dogma religioso, destacando los problemas a los que se enfrentan los científicos y pensadores de la época al alinear las observaciones empíricas con las creencias tradicionales. libro comienza con la introducción en el contexto histórico de un período que da una idea de los factores sociales, políticos y culturales que influyeron en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la religión en esta época. Scholz profundiza entonces en el contenido de las dos enciclopedias, analizando cómo presentan el debate en curso entre la ciencia y las supersticiones. Explora las diferentes formas en que los autores de estos trabajos han tratado de conciliar los descubrimientos científicos con la doctrina religiosa, dando lugar a menudo a afirmaciones contradictorias o ambiguas. Uno de los temas centrales del libro es la lucha por la autoridad y la legitimidad entre las autoridades científicas y religiosas. Scholz demuestra cómo los defensores de la ciencia, como Isaac Newton y Benjamin Franklin, buscaron establecer sus teorías como la base del conocimiento moderno, mientras que los líderes religiosos resistieron estos avances como una amenaza a su poder e influencia.
Il libro «Scienza e superstizione nel diciottesimo secolo» di Robert E. Scholz fornisce una panoramica completa del trattamento della scienza in due enciclopedie pubblicate tra il 1725 e il 1750, in particolare nella Ciclopedia Chambers. L'autore indaga come questi lavori riflettano le tensioni tra il progresso scientifico e il dogma religioso, sottolineando i problemi che gli scienziati e i pensatori incontrano all'epoca nel conciliare le osservazioni empiriche con le convinzioni tradizionali. Il libro inizia con l'introduzione nel contesto storico di un periodo che dà un'idea dei fattori sociali, politici e culturali che hanno influenzato lo sviluppo della scienza e della religione in questo periodo. Poi Scholz approfondisce i contenuti delle due enciclopedie, analizzando come rappresentano il dibattito in corso tra scienza e superstizioni. Sta esplorando i vari modi in cui gli autori di questi lavori hanno cercato di concordare le scoperte scientifiche con la dottrina religiosa, portando spesso a affermazioni contraddittorie o ambigue. Uno dei temi principali del libro è la lotta per la credibilità e la legittimità tra autorità scientifiche e religiose. Scholz sta dimostrando come i sostenitori della scienza, come Isaac Newton e Benjamin Franklin, abbiano cercato di stabilire le loro teorie come base della conoscenza moderna, mentre i leader religiosi si sono opposti a questi progressi come minaccia al loro potere e alla loro influenza.
Das Buch "Wissenschaft und Aberglaube im achtzehnten Jahrhundert" von Robert E. Scholz enthält einen umfassenden Überblick über den Umgang mit der Wissenschaft in zwei Enzyklopädien, die zwischen 1725 und 1750 veröffentlicht wurden, insbesondere in Chambers "Cyclopedia. Der Autor untersucht, wie diese Arbeiten die Spannung zwischen wissenschaftlichem Fortschritt und religiösem Dogma widerspiegeln, und hebt die Probleme hervor, mit denen die Wissenschaftler und Denker der Zeit konfrontiert sind, wenn sie empirische Beobachtungen mit traditionellen Überzeugungen in Einklang bringen. Das Buch beginnt mit einer Einführung in den historischen Kontext der Zeit und gibt einen Einblick in die sozialen, politischen und kulturellen Faktoren, die die Entwicklung von Wissenschaft und Religion in dieser Zeit beeinflusst haben. Dann taucht Scholz tiefer in die Inhalte der beiden Enzyklopädien ein und analysiert, wie sie die laufende Debatte zwischen Wissenschaft und Aberglauben darstellen. Er untersucht die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, in denen die Autoren dieser Arbeiten versuchten, wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen mit religiöser hre in Einklang zu bringen, was oft zu widersprüchlichen oder zweideutigen Aussagen führte. Eines der zentralen Themen des Buches ist der Kampf um Autorität und gitimität zwischen wissenschaftlichen und religiösen Autoritäten. Scholz demonstriert, wie Wissenschaftsbefürworter wie Isaac Newton und Benjamin Franklin versuchten, ihre Theorien als Grundlage modernen Wissens zu etablieren, während religiöse Führer sich diesen Fortschritten als Bedrohung ihrer Macht und ihres Einflusses widersetzten.
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Robert E. Scholz'un Science and Superstition in the Eighteenth Century (On Sekizinci Yüzyılda Bilim ve Batıl İnanç) adlı kitabı, 1725 ile 1750 arasında, özellikle Chambers'ın Cyclopedia'sında yayınlanan iki ansiklopedide bilimin işleyişine kapsamlı bir genel bakış sunuyor. Yazar, bu eserlerin bilimsel ilerleme ile dini dogma arasındaki gerilimi nasıl yansıttığını araştırıyor ve zamanın bilim adamları ve düşünürlerinin ampirik gözlemleri geleneksel inançlarla uzlaştırmada karşılaştıkları zorlukları vurguluyor. Kitap, tarihsel bağlamda, bu dönemde bilim ve dinin gelişimini etkileyen sosyal, politik ve kültürel faktörler hakkında fikir veren bir dönemi tanıtarak başlıyor. Scholz daha sonra iki ansiklopedinin içeriğini inceleyerek, bilim ve batıl inanç arasındaki devam eden tartışmayı nasıl temsil ettiklerini analiz eder. Bu eserlerin yazarlarının bilimsel bulguları dini doktrinle uzlaştırmaya çalıştıkları, genellikle çelişkili veya belirsiz ifadelere yol açan çeşitli yolları araştırıyor. Kitabın ana temalarından biri, bilimsel ve dini otoriteler arasındaki otorite ve meşruiyet mücadelesidir. Scholz, Isaac Newton ve Benjamin Franklin gibi bilim savunucularının teorilerini modern bilginin temeli olarak nasıl kurmaya çalıştıklarını gösterirken, dini liderler bu ilerlemelere güçlerine ve etkilerine karşı bir tehdit olarak direndiler.
羅伯特·舒爾茨(Robert E. Scholz)的著作《十八世紀的科學與迷信》全面概述了在1725-1750間出版的兩本百科全書中對科學的處理,尤其是錢伯斯的獨眼巨人。作者探討了這些作品如何反映科學進步與宗教教條之間的緊張關系,強調了當時學者和思想家在將經驗觀察與傳統信仰相協調時面臨的挑戰。該書首先介紹了歷史背景,從而深入了解了當時影響科學和宗教發展的社會,政治和文化因素。然後,舒爾茨深入研究了兩本百科全書的內容,分析了它們如何代表科學與迷信之間的持續辯論。他探討了這些作品的作者試圖使科學發現與宗教教義保持一致的各種方式,通常會導致矛盾或模棱兩可的主張。該書的主要主題之一是科學和宗教權威之間爭取權威和合法性的鬥爭。舒爾茨展示了科學的支持者,例如艾薩克·牛頓(Isaac Newton)和本傑明(Benjamin Franklin),如何試圖將他們的理論確立為現代知識的基礎,而宗教領袖則抵制這些進步作為對其力量和影響力的威脅。

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