BOOKS - Russia's Road To Deeper Democracy
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Russia's Road To Deeper Democracy
Author: Tom Bjorkman
Year: May 9, 2003
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 17 MB
Language: English



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The author argues that the factors hindering Russia's progress towards stronger democratic institutions are not rooted in its historical or cultural legacy, but rather in specific leadership policies and the self-interest of the political elite. According to Bjorkman, President Vladimir Putin's market-oriented economic policies and structural reforms have contributed to the country's development, but the real test of Russia's commitment to democracy will be the nature of the political order it builds upon the ruins of communism. The author suggests that while there is a broad consensus among Western observers that Russia's efforts to build Western-style democratic institutions have stalled, there are underlying forces for political change that are often overlooked. Bjorkman contends that the decisive factor in Russia's relationship with the West will be the type of political order it establishes, and that the United States can play a crucial role in supporting internal forces pushing for a deeper Russian democracy. He posits that by treating Russia as part of the West and demonstrating that Russia's progress towards a more robust democratic system matters to the US, America can exert a positive influence on the country's political landscape.
Автор утверждает, что факторы, препятствующие продвижению России к более сильным демократическим институтам, коренятся не в ее историческом или культурном наследии, а скорее в конкретной политике лидерства и корыстных интересах политической элиты. По словам Бьоркмана, рыночная экономическая политика и структурные реформы президента Владимира Путина способствовали развитию страны, но реальным испытанием приверженности России демократии будет природа политического порядка, который она строит на руинах коммунизма. Автор предполагает, что, хотя среди западных наблюдателей существует широкий консенсус в отношении того, что усилия России по созданию демократических институтов западного типа застопорились, существуют основополагающие силы для политических изменений, которые часто упускаются из виду. Бьоркман утверждает, что решающим фактором в отношениях России с Западом будет тип политического порядка, который она устанавливает, и что Соединенные Штаты могут сыграть решающую роль в поддержке внутренних сил, стремящихся к более глубокой российской демократии. Он утверждает, что, рассматривая Россию как часть Запада и демонстрируя, что продвижение России к более прочной демократической системе имеет значение для США, Америка может оказать положительное влияние на политический ландшафт страны.
L'auteur affirme que les facteurs qui entravent la progression de la Russie vers des institutions démocratiques plus fortes ne sont pas enracinés dans son patrimoine historique ou culturel, mais plutôt dans les politiques spécifiques de leadership et les intérêts égoïstes des élites politiques. Selon Bjorkman, la politique économique du marché et les réformes structurelles du président Vladimir Poutine ont contribué au développement du pays, mais le véritable test de l'attachement de la Russie à la démocratie sera la nature de l'ordre politique qu'elle construit sur les ruines du communisme. L'auteur suggère que, bien qu'il existe un large consensus parmi les observateurs occidentaux selon lequel les efforts de la Russie pour mettre en place des institutions démocratiques de type occidental sont au point mort, il existe des forces fondamentales pour le changement politique, qui sont souvent négligées. Bjorkman affirme que le facteur décisif dans les relations de la Russie avec l'Occident sera le type d'ordre politique qu'elle établit et que les États-Unis peuvent jouer un rôle décisif dans le soutien des forces internes qui aspirent à une démocratie russe plus profonde. Il affirme qu'en considérant la Russie comme faisant partie de l'Occident et en démontrant que l'évolution de la Russie vers un système démocratique plus solide compte pour les États-Unis, l'Amérique peut avoir un impact positif sur le paysage politique du pays.
autor sostiene que los factores que impiden que Rusia avance hacia instituciones democráticas más fuertes no están arraigados en su patrimonio histórico o cultural, sino más bien en una política específica de liderazgo y en los intereses creados de la élite política. Según Bjorkman, las políticas económicas de mercado y las reformas estructurales del presidente Vladimir Putin han contribuido al desarrollo del país, pero la verdadera prueba del compromiso de Rusia con la democracia será la naturaleza del orden político que construye sobre las ruinas del comunismo. autor sugiere que, aunque existe un amplio consenso entre los observadores occidentales de que los esfuerzos de Rusia para establecer instituciones democráticas de tipo occidental se han estancado, hay fuerzas fundamentales para el cambio político que a menudo se pasan por alto. Bjorkman sostiene que el factor decisivo en las relaciones de Rusia con Occidente será el tipo de orden político que establezca y que Estados Unidos puede jugar un papel crucial en el apoyo de las fuerzas internas que buscan una democracia rusa más profunda. Argumenta que al considerar a Rusia como parte de Occidente y demostrar que el avance de Rusia hacia un sistema democrático más sólido es importante para Estados Unidos, Estados Unidos puede tener un impacto positivo en el panorama político del país.
L'autore sostiene che i fattori che impediscono la promozione della Russia verso istituzioni democratiche più forti non sono radicati nel suo patrimonio storico o culturale, ma piuttosto in politiche specifiche di leadership e interessi egoistici delle élite politiche. Secondo Bjorkman, le politiche economiche di mercato e le riforme strutturali del presidente Vladimir Putin hanno contribuito allo sviluppo del paese, ma la vera prova dell'impegno della Russia per la democrazia sarà la natura dell'ordine politico che sta costruendo sulle rovine del comunismo. L'autore suggerisce che, sebbene ci sia un ampio consenso tra gli osservatori occidentali sul fatto che gli sforzi della Russia per creare istituzioni democratiche di tipo occidentale si siano bloccati, ci sono forze fondamentali per il cambiamento politico, che spesso vengono trascurate. Bjorkman sostiene che il fattore cruciale delle relazioni tra la Russia e l'Occidente sarà il tipo di ordine politico che stabilisce e che gli Stati Uniti possono giocare un ruolo cruciale nel sostenere le forze interne che cercano una democrazia più profonda della Russia. Sostiene che, considerando la Russia come parte dell'Occidente e dimostrando che l'avanzamento della Russia verso un sistema democratico più solido è importante per gli Stati Uniti, l'America potrebbe avere un impatto positivo sul panorama politico del paese.
Der Autor argumentiert, dass die Faktoren, die verhindern, dass Russland zu stärkeren demokratischen Institutionen vordringt, nicht in seinem historischen oder kulturellen Erbe verwurzelt sind, sondern in der spezifischen Führungspolitik und den eigennützigen Interessen der politischen Elite. Laut Björkman haben die marktwirtschaftliche Wirtschaftspolitik und die Strukturreformen von Präsident Wladimir Putin zur Entwicklung des Landes beigetragen, aber der wahre Test für Russlands Engagement für die Demokratie wird die Natur der politischen Ordnung sein, die es auf den Ruinen des Kommunismus aufbaut. Der Autor schlägt vor, dass, während es einen breiten Konsens unter westlichen Beobachtern gibt, dass Russlands Bemühungen, demokratische Institutionen westlichen Typs aufzubauen, ins Stocken geraten sind, es grundlegende Kräfte für politische Veränderungen gibt, die oft übersehen werden. Björkman argumentiert, dass der entscheidende Faktor in den Beziehungen Russlands zum Westen die Art der politischen Ordnung sein wird, die es etabliert, und dass die Vereinigten Staaten eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Unterstützung der inneren Kräfte spielen können, die eine tiefere russische Demokratie anstreben. Er argumentiert, dass Amerika einen positiven Einfluss auf die politische Landschaft des Landes haben könnte, indem es Russland als Teil des Westens betrachtet und demonstriert, dass Russlands Vormarsch zu einem solideren demokratischen System für die USA von Bedeutung ist.
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Yazar, Rusya'nın daha güçlü demokratik kurumlara doğru ilerlemesini engelleyen faktörlerin, tarihsel veya kültürel mirasından değil, belirli liderlik politikalarından ve siyasi seçkinlerin kazanılmış çıkarlarından kaynaklandığını savunuyor. Bjorkman, piyasa ekonomisi politikaları ve Devlet Başkanı Vladimir Putin'in yapısal reformlarının ülkenin kalkınmasına katkıda bulunduğunu, ancak Rusya'nın demokrasiye olan bağlılığının gerçek testinin, komünizmin kalıntıları üzerine inşa ettiği siyasi düzenin niteliği olacağını söyledi. Yazar, Batılı gözlemciler arasında Rusya'nın Batı tarzı demokratik kurumlar inşa etme çabalarının durduğu konusunda geniş bir fikir birliği olsa da, çoğu zaman göz ardı edilen siyasi değişim için altta yatan güçler olduğunu öne sürüyor. Bjorkman, Rusya'nın Batı ile ilişkilerinde belirleyici faktörün, kurduğu siyasi düzen türü olacağını ve ABD'nin daha derin Rus demokrasisi arayan iç güçleri desteklemede çok önemli bir rol oynayabileceğini savunuyor. Rusya'yı Batı'nın bir parçası olarak görerek ve Rusya'nın daha güçlü bir demokratik sisteme doğru ilerlemesinin ABD için önemli olduğunu göstererek, Amerika'nın ülkenin siyasi manzarası üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olabileceğini savunuyor.
يجادل المؤلف بأن العوامل التي تمنع روسيا من التحرك نحو مؤسسات ديمقراطية أقوى ليست متجذرة في تراثها التاريخي أو الثقافي، بل في سياسات قيادية محددة والمصالح الخاصة للنخبة السياسية. قال بيوركمان إن سياسات السوق الاقتصادية والإصلاحات الهيكلية للرئيس فلاديمير بوتين ساهمت في تنمية البلاد، لكن الاختبار الحقيقي لالتزام روسيا بالديمقراطية سيكون طبيعة النظام السياسي الذي تبنيه على أنقاض الشيوعية. يقترح المؤلف أنه في حين أن هناك إجماعًا واسعًا بين المراقبين الغربيين على أن جهود روسيا لبناء مؤسسات ديمقراطية على النمط الغربي قد توقفت، إلا أن هناك قوى أساسية للتغيير السياسي غالبًا ما يتم تجاهلها. يجادل بيوركمان بأن العامل الحاسم في علاقات روسيا مع الغرب سيكون نوع النظام السياسي الذي تنشئه، وأن الولايات المتحدة يمكن أن تلعب دورًا حاسمًا في دعم القوى المحلية التي تسعى إلى ديمقراطية روسية أعمق. يجادل بأنه من خلال رؤية روسيا كجزء من الغرب وإثبات أن تقدم روسيا نحو نظام ديمقراطي أقوى مهم للولايات المتحدة، يمكن أن يكون لأمريكا تأثير إيجابي على المشهد السياسي للبلاد.

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