BOOKS - Early Chinese Literature
Early Chinese Literature - Burton Watson January 1, 1962 PDF  BOOKS
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Early Chinese Literature
Author: Burton Watson
Year: January 1, 1962
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 14 MB
Language: English



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Long Description of Early Chinese Literature: Early Chinese literature is a fascinating and complex field that spans over three thousand years of history, from the Chou dynasty (11002-249 BC) to the Later Han period (2520 AD). This period saw the development of various forms of writing, including oracle bones, bronze inscriptions, seal script, clerical script, and printed books. The study of early Chinese literature is essential for understanding the evolution of technology and its impact on society during this era. The Chou dynasty was characterized by the use of oracle bones, which were animal bones used for divination. These bones were inscribed with questions and then heated to elicit answers from the gods. During the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BC), bronze inscriptions became more prevalent, and seal script emerged as a more formal form of writing.
Long Description of Early Chinese Literature: Early Chinese literature - увлекательная и сложная область, охватывающая более трёх тысяч лет истории, от династии Чоу (11002 - 249 до н. э.) до периода Поздней Хань (2520 н. э.). Этот период ознаменовался развитием различных форм письма, включая кости оракулов, бронзовые надписи, печать, канцелярское письмо и печатные книги. Изучение ранней китайской литературы имеет важное значение для понимания эволюции технологий и их влияния на общество в эту эпоху. Для династии Чоу было характерно использование костей оракула, которые представляли собой кости животных, используемые для гадания. Эти кости были исписаны вопросами, а затем нагреты, чтобы вызвать ответы от богов. Во времена династии Чжоу (1046 - 256 до н. э.) бронзовые надписи стали более распространёнными, и печатное письмо появилось как более формальная форма письма.
Long Description of Early Chinese Literature : Early Chinese Literature est un domaine fascinant et complexe qui couvre plus de trois mille ans d'histoire, de la dynastie Chow (11002-249 av. J.-C.) à la période Han tardive (2520 av. J.-C.). Cette période a été marquée par le développement de diverses formes d'écriture, y compris les os des oracles, les inscriptions en bronze, l'impression, la papeterie et les livres imprimés. L'étude de la littérature chinoise précoce est essentielle pour comprendre l'évolution des technologies et leur impact sur la société à cette époque. La dynastie Chow était caractérisée par l'utilisation des os de l'oracle, qui étaient des os d'animaux utilisés pour deviner. Ces os ont été empilés de questions, puis chauffés pour déclencher les réponses des dieux. Au cours de la dynastie Zhou (1046-256 avant JC), les inscriptions en bronze sont devenues plus courantes et la lettre imprimée est apparue comme une forme plus formelle d'écriture.
Long Description of Early Chinese Literature: Early Chinese Literature es un área fascinante y compleja que abarca más de tres mil de historia, desde la dinastía Chou (11002-249 a. C.) hasta el período Han Tardío (2520 e.). Este período estuvo marcado por el desarrollo de diversas formas de escritura, incluyendo huesos de oráculos, inscripciones de bronce, impresión, escritura de papelería y libros impresos. estudio de la literatura china temprana es esencial para entender la evolución de la tecnología y su impacto en la sociedad durante esta época. La dinastía Chou se caracterizó por el uso de huesos de oráculo, que eran huesos de animales utilizados para adivinar. Estos huesos fueron anclados por preguntas y luego calentados para invocar respuestas de los dioses. Durante la dinastía Zhou (1046-256 a. C.), las inscripciones de bronce se hicieron más comunes, y la escritura impresa apareció como una forma más formal de escritura.
Long Vision of Early Chinese Literation: Early Chinese literate é uma área fascinante e complexa que abrange mais de três mil anos de história, desde a dinastia Chow (11002 - 249 a.C.) até o período Han Tardio (2520 a.C.). Este período foi marcado pelo desenvolvimento de várias formas de escrita, incluindo ossos de oráculos, inscrições em bronze, impressão, escritura e livros impressos. Estudar a literatura chinesa precoce é essencial para compreender a evolução da tecnologia e seus efeitos na sociedade nesta era. A dinastia Chow era caracterizada pelo uso de ossos de oraculo, que eram ossos de animais usados para adivinhar. Estes ossos foram incinerados com perguntas e depois aquecidos para causar respostas dos deuses. Durante a dinastia Zhou (1046-256 a.C.), as inscrições em bronze se tornaram mais comuns, e a escrita foi lançada como uma forma mais formal de escrita.
Long Descrizione of Early Chinese tterature: Early Chinese letterature è un'area affascinante e complessa che riguarda più di tremila anni di storia, dalla dinastia Chow (11002-249 a.C.) al periodo Tardo Han (2520 d.C.). Questo periodo è stato segnato dallo sviluppo di diverse forme di scrittura, tra cui ossa di oracoli, scritte in bronzo, stampe, lettere di scrittura e libri stampati. Lo studio della letteratura cinese precoce è essenziale per comprendere l'evoluzione della tecnologia e il loro impatto sulla società in questa epoca. La dinastia di Chow era caratterizzata dall'uso di ossa di oracolo, che erano ossa animali usate per la domazione. Queste ossa sono state esposte con domande e poi riscaldate per suscitare risposte dagli dei. Durante la dinastia Zhou (1046-256 a.C.), le scritte in bronzo divennero più comuni e la scrittura apparve come una forma di scrittura più formale.
Lange Beschreibung der frühen chinesischen Literatur: Die frühe chinesische Literatur ist ein faszinierendes und komplexes Gebiet, das mehr als dreitausend Jahre Geschichte umfasst, von der Chou-Dynastie (11002-249 v. Chr.) Bis zur späten Han-Zeit (2520 n. Chr.). Diese Zeit war geprägt von der Entwicklung verschiedener Formen des Schreibens, darunter Orakelknochen, Bronzeinschriften, egel, Schreibwaren und gedruckte Bücher. Das Studium der frühen chinesischen Literatur ist wichtig, um die Entwicklung der Technologie und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft in dieser Ära zu verstehen. Die Chou-Dynastie war durch die Verwendung von Orakelknochen gekennzeichnet, bei denen es sich um Tierknochen handelte, die zum Wahrsagen verwendet wurden. Diese Knochen wurden mit Fragen gefüllt und dann erhitzt, um Antworten von den Göttern hervorzurufen. Während der Zhou-Dynastie (1046-256 v. Chr.) wurden Bronzeinschriften häufiger und der gedruckte Brief erschien als formellere Form des Schreibens.
Długi opis literatury wczesnochińskiej: Literatura wczesnochińska jest fascynującym i złożonym obszarem obejmującym ponad trzy tysiące lat historii, od dynastii Chou (11002-249 pne) do okresu późnego Han (2520 AD). Okres ten był naznaczony rozwojem różnych form pisania, w tym kości wyroczni, napisów z brązu, druku, pisma pisarskiego i książek drukowanych. Badanie literatury wczesnochińskiej ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla zrozumienia ewolucji technologii i jej wpływu na społeczeństwo w tej epoce. Dynastia Chow charakteryzowała się wykorzystaniem kości wyroczni, które były kośćmi zwierzęcymi wykorzystywanymi do wróżenia. Kości te były pokryte pytaniami, a następnie podgrzewane, aby uzyskać odpowiedzi od bogów. W czasach dynastii Zhou (1046-256 pne), brązowe napisy stały się bardziej powszechne, a drukowane pismo pojawiło się jako bardziej formalna forma pisania.
תיאור ארוך של הספרות הסינית המוקדמת: הספרות הסינית המוקדמת היא אזור מרתק ומורכב המשתרע על פני יותר משלושת אלפי שנות היסטוריה, משושלת צ 'או (11002-249 לפנה "ס) ועד שלהי תקופת האן (2520 לספירה). תקופה זו סימנה התפתחות של צורות כתיבה שונות, כולל עצמות אורקל, כתובות ברונזה, הדפסה, כתיבה פקידותית וספרים מודפסים. חקר הספרות הסינית המוקדמת חיוני להבנת התפתחות הטכנולוגיה והשפעתה על החברה בעידן זה. שושלת צ 'או התאפיינה בשימוש בעצמות אורקל, שהיו עצמות בעלי חיים ששימשו להגדת עתידות. העצמות האלה היו מכוסות בשאלות ואז התחממו כדי לעורר תשובות מהאלים. בתקופת שושלת ז 'ואו (1046-256 לפנה "ס), כתובות ברונזה הפכו נפוצות יותר, וכתובות מודפסות הופיעו כצורת כתיבה פורמלית יותר.''
Erken Çin Edebiyatının Uzun Tanımı: Erken Çin edebiyatı, Chou Hanedanlığı'ndan (MÖ 11002-249) Geç Han dönemine (MS 2520) kadar üç bin yıldan fazla bir süreyi kapsayan büyüleyici ve karmaşık bir alandır. Bu dönem, oracle kemikleri, bronz yazıtlar, baskı, büro yazıları ve basılı kitaplar da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yazı biçimlerinin gelişmesiyle işaretlendi. Erken Çin edebiyatının incelenmesi, teknolojinin evrimini ve bu dönemdeki toplum üzerindeki etkisini anlamak için çok önemlidir. Chow hanedanı, kehanet için kullanılan hayvan kemikleri olan kehanet kemiklerinin kullanımı ile karakterize edildi. Bu kemikler sorularla kaplıydı ve daha sonra tanrılardan cevaplar almak için ısıtıldı. Zhou Hanedanı döneminde (MÖ 1046-256), bronz yazıtlar daha yaygın hale geldi ve basılı yazı daha resmi bir yazı biçimi olarak ortaya çıktı.
وصف طويل للأدب الصيني المبكر: الأدب الصيني المبكر هو منطقة رائعة ومعقدة تمتد لأكثر من ثلاثة آلاف عام من التاريخ، من أسرة تشو (11002-249 قبل الميلاد) إلى فترة هان المتأخرة (2520 بعد الميلاد). تميزت هذه الفترة بتطور أشكال مختلفة من الكتابة، بما في ذلك عظام الأوراكل والنقوش البرونزية والطباعة والكتابة الكتابية والكتب المطبوعة. دراسة الأدب الصيني المبكر ضرورية لفهم تطور التكنولوجيا وتأثيرها على المجتمع في هذا العصر. تميزت سلالة تشاو باستخدام عظام الأوراكل، وهي عظام حيوانية تستخدم في العرافة. كانت هذه العظام مغطاة بأسئلة ثم تم تسخينها للحصول على إجابات من الآلهة. خلال عهد أسرة تشو (1046-256 قبل الميلاد)، أصبحت النقوش البرونزية أكثر شيوعًا، وظهرت الكتابة المطبوعة كشكل أكثر رسمية للكتابة.
초기 중국 문학에 대한 긴 설명: 초기 중국 문학은 추 왕조 (11002-249 BC) 에서 후기 한 시대 (2520 AD) 에 이르기까지 3 천년이 넘는 역사에 걸친 매혹적이고 복잡한 지역입니다. 이시기에는 오라클 뼈, 청동 비문, 인쇄, 사무 쓰기 및 인쇄 된 책을 포함한 다양한 형태의 글쓰기가 개발되었습니다. 초기 중국 문학에 대한 연구는 기술의 진화와이 시대의 사회에 미치는 영향을 이해하는 데 필수적입니다. 차우 왕조는 점에 사용되는 동물 뼈인 오라클 뼈를 사용하는 것이 특징이었습니다. 이 뼈들은 질문으로 뒤덮인 다음 신들로부터 답을 얻도록 가열되었습니다. Zhou 왕조 (기원전 1046-256 년) 동안 청동 비문이 더 일반적이되었으며 인쇄 된 글은보다 공식적인 글쓰기 형태로 나타났습니다.
初期中国文学の長い説明:初期中国文学は、チョウ王朝(紀元前11002-249)から末漢時代(紀元前2520)までの3000以上の歴史にわたる魅力的で複雑な領域です。この時代は、オラクルの骨、青銅の碑文、印刷、書記、印刷された本など、様々な書体が発達していた。初期の中国文学の研究は、この時代の技術の進化と社会への影響を理解するために不可欠です。チャウ王朝は、占いのために使用される動物の骨であるオラクルの骨を使用することによって特徴付けられました。これらの骨は質問で覆われ、神からの答えを引き出すために加熱されました。周王朝時代(紀元前1046-256)には青銅の碑文が一般的になり、印刷された文章はより形式的な文章として登場した。
早期中國文學的長篇描述:早期中國文學是一個迷人而復雜的領域,涵蓋了三千多的歷史,從周朝(公元前11002-249)到後漢時期(公元2520)。在此期間,出現了各種形式的寫作,包括甲骨文,青銅銘文,印刷,文具寫作和印刷書籍。對中國早期文學的研究對於了解技術的發展及其對這個時代社會的影響至關重要。周朝的特征是使用甲骨頭,甲骨頭是用於占蔔的動物骨頭。這些骨頭上印有問題,然後加熱以引起眾神的回答。在周朝時期(公元前1046至256),青銅銘文變得越來越普遍,印刷書寫成為一種更正式的書寫形式。

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