BOOKS - Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang - James A. Millward November 24, 2006 PDF  BOOKS
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Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
Author: James A. Millward
Year: November 24, 2006
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 12 MB
Language: English



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Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang Xinjiang, a vast central Eurasian region spanning six percent of the People's Republic of China (PRC), has long been a pivotal player in the social, cultural, and political development of Asia and the world. Strategically located at the crossroads between China, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia, Xinjiang has served as a hub for the ancient Silk Road and the passageway for Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam into China. The region's diverse population, comprising Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Uighurs, Han Chinese, and competing Chinese and Turkic nationalist visions, has contributed to its complex history and ongoing struggles for political and economic stability. In recent decades, Xinjiang's energy resources, strategic position, and rapid development have garnered international attention.
Евразийский перекресток: история Синьцзяна Синьцзян, обширного центрально-евразийского региона, охватывающего шесть процентов Китайской Народной Республики (КНР), долгое время был ключевым игроком в социальном, культурном и политическом развитии Азии и мира. Расположенный на пересечении дорог между Китаем, Индией, Пакистаном, Афганистаном, Таджикистаном, Кыргызстаном, Казахстаном и Россией, Синьцзян служил центром древнего Шелкового пути и проходом для буддизма, христианства и ислама в Китай. Разнообразное население региона, состоящее из казахов, киргизов, уйгуров, ханьцев и конкурирующих китайских и тюркских националистических представлений, внесло свой вклад в его сложную историю и продолжающуюся борьбу за политическую и экономическую стабильность. В последние десятилетия энергетические ресурсы Синьцзяна, стратегическое положение и быстрое развитие привлекли международное внимание.
carrefour eurasiatique : l'histoire du Xinjiang Xinjiang, vaste région d'Eurasie centrale couvrant six pour cent de la République populaire de Chine (RPC), a longtemps été un acteur clé du développement social, culturel et politique de l'Asie et du monde. tué à l'intersection des routes entre la Chine, l'Inde, le Pakistan, l'Afghanistan, le Tadjikistan, le Kirghizistan, le Kazakhstan et la Russie, le Xinjiang a servi de centre à l'ancienne Route de la soie et de passage pour le bouddhisme, le christianisme et l'islam en Chine. La population diversifiée de la région, composée de Kazakhs, de Kirghizes, d'Ouïghours, de Han et de nationalistes chinois et ouzbeks rivaux, a contribué à son histoire complexe et à la lutte continue pour la stabilité politique et économique. Au cours des dernières décennies, les ressources énergétiques du Xinjiang, la position stratégique et le développement rapide ont attiré l'attention de la communauté internationale.
Cruce euroasiático: la historia de Xinjiang Xinjiang, una vasta región centroeuroasiática que abarca el seis por ciento de la República Popular China (China), ha sido durante mucho tiempo un actor clave en el desarrollo social, cultural y político de Asia y el mundo. tuado en la intersección de carreteras entre China, India, Pakistán, Afganistán, Tayikistán, Kirguistán, Kazajistán y Rusia, Xinjiang sirvió como centro de la antigua Ruta de la Seda y paso para el budismo, el cristianismo y el islam a China. La diversa población de la región, compuesta por kazajos, kirguisos, uigures, han y las ideas nacionalistas chinas y turcas rivales, contribuyó a su compleja historia y a la lucha en curso por la estabilidad política y económica. En las últimas décadas, los recursos energéticos, la posición estratégica y el rápido desarrollo de Xinjiang han atraído la atención internacional.
A história de Xinjiang Xinjiang, uma vasta região centro-eurasiática que abrange seis por cento da República Popular da China, foi durante muito tempo um ator fundamental no desenvolvimento social, cultural e político da Ásia e do mundo. Localizado no cruzamento de estradas entre China, Índia, Paquistão, Afeganistão, Tajiquistão, Quirguistão, Cazaquistão e Rússia, Xinjiang serviu como centro da antiga Rota da Seda e passagem para o budismo, o cristianismo e o Islã na China. A população diversificada da região, composta por Cazaquistão, Quirguizes, Uigures, Hang e as percepções nacionalistas chinesas e turcas rivais, contribuiu para a sua história complexa e para a continuada luta pela estabilidade política e econômica. Nas últimas décadas, os recursos energéticos de Xinjiang, a posição estratégica e o desenvolvimento rápido chamaram a atenção internacional.
La storia dello Xinjiang Xinjiang, una vasta regione centro-eurasiatica che copre il sei per cento della Repubblica Popolare Cinese (Cina), è stata per lungo tempo un attore chiave nello sviluppo sociale, culturale e politico dell'Asia e del mondo. tuato tra Cina, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajani, Kirghizistan, Kazakistan e Russia, Xinjiang è stato il centro dell'antica Via della Seta e un passaggio per il buddismo, il cristianesimo e l'Islam verso la Cina. La variegata popolazione della regione, composta da kazaki, kirghisi, uiguri, Hang e dai rivali nazionalisti cinesi e turchi, ha contribuito alla sua complessa storia e alla continua lotta per la stabilità politica ed economica. Negli ultimi decenni, le risorse energetiche dello Xinjiang, la posizione strategica e lo sviluppo rapido hanno attirato l'attenzione internazionale.
Eurasian Crossroads: Die Geschichte von Xinjiang Xinjiang, einer riesigen zentraleurasischen Region, die sechs Prozent der Volksrepublik China (VR China) umfasst, ist seit langem ein wichtiger Akteur in der sozialen, kulturellen und politischen Entwicklung Asiens und der Welt. Xinjiang liegt an der Kreuzung von Straßen zwischen China, Indien, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tadschikistan, Kirgisistan, Kasachstan und Russland und diente als Zentrum der alten Seidenstraße und als Durchgangsstraße für Buddhismus, Christentum und Islam nach China. Die vielfältige Bevölkerung der Region, bestehend aus Kasachen, Kirgisen, Uiguren, Han-Chinesen und konkurrierenden chinesischen und türkischen nationalistischen Vorstellungen, hat zu ihrer komplexen Geschichte und dem anhaltenden Kampf um politische und wirtschaftliche Stabilität beigetragen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben Xinjiangs Energieressourcen, seine strategische Lage und seine rasante Entwicklung internationale Aufmerksamkeit erregt.
Rozdroża eurazjatyckie: Historia Xinjiang Xinjiang, rozległego regionu Eurazji Środkowej obejmującego sześć procent Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (ChRL), od dawna odgrywa kluczową rolę w rozwoju społecznym, kulturalnym i politycznym Azji i świata. Położony na skrzyżowaniu dróg między Chinami, Indiami, Pakistanem, Afganistanem, Tadżykistanem, Kirgistanem, Kazachstanem i Rosją, Xinjiang służył jako centrum starożytnego Jedwabnego Szlaku i przejście dla buddyzmu, chrześcijaństwa i islamu do Chin. Zróżnicowana populacja w regionie Kazachów, Kirgistanu, Ujgurów, Han oraz konkurencyjne chińskie i tureckie nacjonalistyczne postrzeganie przyczyniły się do jego złożonej historii i trwającej walki o stabilność polityczną i gospodarczą. W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach zasoby energetyczne Xinjiang, pozycja strategiczna i szybki rozwój przyciągnęły międzynarodową uwagę.
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Avrasya Kavşağı: Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin (ÇHC) yüzde altısını kapsayan geniş bir Orta Avrasya bölgesi olan Xinjiang Xinjiang'ın tarihi, Asya'nın ve dünyanın sosyal, kültürel ve politik gelişiminde uzun zamandır önemli bir oyuncu olmuştur. Çin, Hindistan, Pakistan, Afganistan, Tacikistan, Kırgızistan, Kazakistan ve Rusya arasındaki yolların kesiştiği yerde bulunan ncan, eski İpek Yolu'nun merkezi ve Çin'e Budizm, Hristiyanlık ve İslam için bir geçit olarak hizmet etti. Bölgenin Kazak, Kırgız, Uygur, Han ve rakip Çin ve Türk milliyetçi algılarından oluşan çeşitli nüfusu, karmaşık tarihine ve siyasi ve ekonomik istikrar için devam eden mücadelesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Son yıllarda, Xinjiang'ın enerji kaynakları, stratejik konumu ve hızlı gelişimi uluslararası dikkatleri üzerine çekti.
مفترق طرق أوراسيا: لطالما كان تاريخ شينجيانغ شينجيانغ، وهي منطقة شاسعة في وسط أوراسيا تضم ستة بالمائة من جمهورية الصين الشعبية (PRC)، لاعبًا رئيسيًا في التنمية الاجتماعية والثقافية والسياسية لآسيا والعالم. تقع شينجيانغ عند تقاطع الطرق بين الصين والهند وباكستان وأفغانستان وطاجيكستان وقيرغيزستان وكازاخستان وروسيا، وكانت بمثابة مركز طريق الحرير القديم وممر للبوذية والمسيحية والإسلام إلى الصين. ساهم تنوع سكان المنطقة من الكازاخ والقيرغيز والأويغور والهان والتصورات القومية الصينية والتركية المتنافسة في تاريخها المعقد ونضالها المستمر من أجل الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي. في العقود الأخيرة، جذبت موارد الطاقة في شينجيانغ وموقعها الاستراتيجي وتطورها السريع الاهتمام الدولي.
歐亞十字路口:新疆新疆是一個覆蓋中華人民共和國(PRC)6%的廣闊的中歐亞地區的歷史,長期以來一直是亞洲和世界社會,文化和政治發展的關鍵參與者。新疆位於中國,印度,巴基斯坦,阿富汗,塔吉克斯坦,吉爾吉斯斯坦,哈薩克斯坦和俄羅斯之間的道路交匯處,是古代絲綢之路的中心,也是佛教,基督教和伊斯蘭教進入中國的通道。該地區的多元化人口,包括哈薩克人,吉爾吉斯人,維吾爾人,漢族以及中國和突厥民族主義者的敵對觀點,為其復雜的歷史以及為政治和經濟穩定而進行的鬥爭做出了貢獻。近幾十來,新疆的能源資源、戰略地位和快速發展引起了國際關註。

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