BOOKS - HISTORY - Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering
Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering - J.P. Joshi 2000 EPUB Rupa BOOKS HISTORY
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Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering
Author: J.P. Joshi
Year: 2000
Pages: 218
Format: EPUB
File size: 16,1 MB
Language: ENG



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. The book highlights the importance of studying the remains of the civilization for an understanding of how the Harappans built their cities, roads, drains, water supply systems and public buildings like bathhouses, granaries, watermills, stepwells, etc. It discusses the technological achievements of Harappan engineers and architects, such as the use of fly ash and lime mortars, reinforced plaster, kiln-fired bricks, bitumen, and shadoofs. Need to understand the process of technology evolution, the need and possibility of developing a personal paradigm for perceiving the technological process of developing modern knowledge as the basis for the survival of humanity and the survival of the unification of people in a warring state. The text needs to be simplified and made more accessible to the general reader so that they can easily understand the concepts presented in the book.
.В книге подчеркивается важность изучения останков цивилизации для понимания того, как хараппцы строили свои города, дороги, стоки, системы водоснабжения и общественные здания, такие как бани, зернохранилища, водяные мельницы, степвелы и т. Д. В нём обсуждаются технологические достижения хараппских инженеров и архитекторов, такие как использование летучей золы и известковых растворов, армированной штукатурки, обожжённых в печах кирпичей, битума и шадофов. Нужно понимать процесс эволюции технологий, необходимость и возможность выработки личностной парадигмы восприятия технологического процесса развития современного знания как основы выживания человечества и выживания объединения людей в воюющем государстве. Текст необходимо упростить и сделать более доступным для широкого читателя, чтобы он мог легко понять понятия, представленные в книге.
. livre souligne l'importance d'étudier les restes de la civilisation pour comprendre ceci, comment les Harapps construisaient leurs villes, leurs routes, leurs égouts, leurs systèmes d'approvisionnement en eau et leurs bâtiments publics, comme les bains, les greniers, les moulins à eau, les steppes, etc. Il discute des progrès technologiques des ingénieurs et architectes de Harappa, comme l'utilisation de cendres volantes et de solutions de chaux, de plâtre renforcé brûlé dans des fours de briques, de bitume et de shadofs. Il faut comprendre le processus d'évolution de la technologie, la nécessité et la possibilité d'élaborer un paradigme personnel pour percevoir le processus technologique du développement des connaissances modernes comme base de la survie de l'humanité et de la survie de l'unification des gens dans un État en guerre. texte doit être simplifié et rendu plus accessible à un large lecteur afin qu'il comprenne facilement les concepts présentés dans le livre.
.libro destaca la importancia del estudio de los restos de la civilización para comprender lo que cómo los harappes construyeron sus ciudades, caminos, desagües, sistemas de abastecimiento de agua y edificios públicos, tales como b, graneros, molinos de agua, estepvelas, etc. Discute los avances tecnológicos de los ingenieros y arquitectos de Harapp, como el uso de cenizas volátiles y morteros de cal, yeso reforzado, ladrillos quemados en hornos, betún y chadofas. Es necesario comprender el proceso de evolución de la tecnología, la necesidad y la posibilidad de desarrollar un paradigma personal de percepción del proceso tecnológico del desarrollo del conocimiento moderno como base para la supervivencia de la humanidad y la supervivencia de la unión de los seres humanos en un Estado en guerra. texto debe simplificarse y hacerse más accesible al lector en general para que pueda entender fácilmente los conceptos presentados en el libro.
.O livro enfatiza a importância de estudar os restos mortais da civilização para entender o que é: como os Harappis construíram suas cidades, estradas, esgotos, sistemas de água e edifícios públicos, como banhistas, graneleiros, moinhos d'água, estepwels, etc. como o uso de cinzas voláteis e soluções de calcário, grampos armados, tijolos queimados em fornos, bitume e esquadofs. É preciso compreender o processo de evolução da tecnologia, a necessidade e a possibilidade de criar um paradigma pessoal para a percepção do processo tecnológico de desenvolvimento do conhecimento moderno como base para a sobrevivência da humanidade e a sobrevivência da união das pessoas num Estado em guerra. O texto precisa ser simplificado e mais acessível a um leitor amplo para que ele possa facilmente compreender os conceitos apresentados no livro.
. Il libro sottolinea l'importanza di studiare i resti di una civiltà per capire cosa. come gli Harappi hanno costruito le loro città, strade, scarichi, sistemi idrici e edifici pubblici, come bagni, grani, mulini d'acqua, stepwel, ecc. In esso si discutono i progressi tecnologici degli ingegneri e degli architetti di Harap. come l'uso di ceneri volatili e soluzioni calcaree, stucchi armati bruciati in forni di mattoni, bitumi e schadori. Dobbiamo comprendere il processo di evoluzione della tecnologia, la necessità e la possibilità di sviluppare un paradigma personale per la percezione del processo tecnologico dello sviluppo della conoscenza moderna come base della sopravvivenza dell'umanità e della sopravvivenza dell'unione delle persone in uno stato in guerra. Il testo deve essere semplificato e reso più accessibile al lettore più ampio, in modo che possa facilmente comprendere i concetti presentati nel libro.
.Das Buch betont, wie wichtig es ist, die Überreste der Zivilisation zu untersuchen, um zu verstehen, wie die Harappaner ihre Städte, Straßen, Abflüsse, Wasserversorgungssysteme und öffentlichen Gebäude bauten, wie Bäder, Getreidesilos, Wassermühlen, Stepvels usw. Es werden die technologischen Errungenschaften der Harappa-Ingenieure und Architekten diskutiert, wie die Verwendung von Flugasche und Kalkmörtel, verstärktem Putz, in Öfen gebrannten Ziegeln, Bitumen und Schadophen. Es ist notwendig, den Prozess der Entwicklung von Technologien, die Notwendigkeit und die Möglichkeit der Entwicklung eines persönlichen Paradigmas für die Wahrnehmung des technologischen Prozesses der Entwicklung des modernen Wissens als Grundlage für das Überleben der Menschheit und das Überleben der Vereinigung von Menschen in einem kriegführenden Staat zu verstehen. Der Text muss vereinfacht und dem breiten ser zugänglicher gemacht werden, damit er die im Buch vorgestellten Konzepte leicht verstehen kann.
. Książka podkreśla znaczenie studiowania pozostałości cywilizacji, aby zrozumieć, jak Harapowie budowali swoje miasta, drogi, drenaże, systemy wodne i budynki użyteczności publicznej, takie jak łaźnie, granatniki, młyny wodne, pasierby itp., omawia postęp technologiczny inżynierów i architektów Harappan, takie jak stosowanie popiołów lotnych i zapraw wapiennych, wzmocnionego gipsu, cegieł wypalanych w piecach, asfaltu i odcienia. Konieczne jest zrozumienie procesu ewolucji technologii, potrzeby i możliwości rozwijania osobistego paradygmatu postrzegania technologicznego procesu rozwoju nowoczesnej wiedzy jako podstawy przetrwania ludzkości i przetrwania zjednoczenia ludzi w stanie wojennym. Tekst musi być uproszczony i bardziej dostępny dla ogólnego czytelnika, aby mogli łatwo zrozumieć koncepcje przedstawione w książce.
הספר מדגיש את החשיבות של חקר שרידי הציוויליזציה כבישים, תעלות ניקוז, מערכות מים ומבני ציבור, כמו אמבטיות, גרנים, טחנות מים, צוואות חורגות וכו ', הוא דן בהתקדמות הטכנולוגית של מהנדסי האראפן ואדריכלים, כמו שימוש באפר זבוב ומרגמות ליים, טיח מחוזק, לבנים מפוטרות, ביטומן וצל. הכרחי להבין את תהליך האבולוציה של הטכנולוגיות, הצורך והאפשרות לפתח פרדיגמה אישית לתפיסה של התהליך הטכנולוגי של התפתחות הידע המודרני כבסיס להישרדות האנושות ולהישרדות של איחוד אנשים במצב לוחמני. יש לפשט את הטקסט ולהפוך אותו לנגיש יותר לקורא הכללי כדי שיוכלו להבין בקלות את המושגים המוצגים בספר.''
.Kitap, Harappalıların şehirlerini nasıl inşa ettiklerini anlamak için medeniyetin kalıntılarını incelemenin önemini vurguluyor, yollar, drenajlar, su sistemleri ve hamamlar gibi kamu binaları, Tahıl ambarları, su değirmenleri, stepwell vb., Harappan mühendislerinin ve mimarlarının teknolojik gelişmelerini tartışır, Uçucu kül ve kireç harçları, güçlendirilmiş sıva, fırın ateşlemeli tuğlalar, bitüm ve gölge kullanımı gibi. Teknolojilerin evrim sürecini, modern bilginin gelişiminin teknolojik sürecinin insanlığın hayatta kalması ve savaşan bir durumda insanların birleşmesinin hayatta kalması için temel olarak algılanması için kişisel bir paradigma geliştirme ihtiyacını ve olasılığını anlamak gerekir. Metnin basitleştirilmesi ve genel okuyucu için daha erişilebilir hale getirilmesi gerekir, böylece kitapta sunulan kavramları kolayca anlayabilirler.
. يؤكد الكتاب على أهمية دراسة بقايا الحضارة لفهم كيفية بناء Harappans لمدنهم، الطرق والمصارف وشبكات المياه والمباني العامة، مثل الحمامات، الحبوب، ومصانع المياه، والآبار، وما إلى ذلك، ويناقش التقدم التكنولوجي للمهندسين والمهندسين المعماريين في هارابان، مثل استخدام الرماد المتطاير وقذائف الهاون، والجص المقوى، والطوب الذي يعمل بالقمائن، والبيتومين والظلال. ومن الضروري فهم عملية تطور التكنولوجيات، والحاجة إلى وضع نموذج شخصي لإدراك العملية التكنولوجية لتطور المعرفة الحديثة كأساس لبقاء البشرية وبقاء توحيد الشعوب في حالة حرب. يجب تبسيط النص وجعله في متناول القارئ العام حتى يتمكن من فهم المفاهيم الواردة في الكتاب بسهولة.
이 책은하라 판족이 어떻게 도시를 건설했는지 이해하기 위해 문명의 유적을 연구하는 것의 중요성을 강조합니다. 도로, 배수, 수도 시스템 및 욕조와 같은 공공 건물, 곡물 창고, 물 공장, 계단 우물 등은 Harappan 엔지니어와 건축가의 기술 발전에 대해 논의합니다. 플라이 애쉬 및 라임 모르타르, 강화 석고, 가마 연소 벽돌, 역청 및 그림자 사용. 기술의 진화 과정, 현대 지식 개발의 기술 과정에 대한 인식을 인류의 생존과 통일의 생존의 기초로 인식하기위한 개인 패러다임의 필요성 및 가능성을 이해해야합니다. 전쟁 상태에서. 책에 제시된 개념을 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 텍스트를 단순화하고 일반 독자가 더 쉽게 액세스 할 수 있어야합니다.
本書強調了研究文明遺跡以理解、 Harappians如何建造自己的城市,道路,徑流,供水系統和公共建築, 例如浴室,糧倉,水廠,草原等。它討論了Harappa工程師和建築師的技術進步, 例如使用粉煤灰和石灰溶液,加固的灰泥,燒成磚,瀝青和司機爐。必須理解技術的演變過程、認識現代知識的技術進程作為人類生存和人類在交戰國家團結的基礎的必要性和可能性。需要簡化文本,並使廣大讀者更容易訪問,以便他可以輕松理解書中提出的概念。

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