BOOKS - An Introduction to Benford's Law
An Introduction to Benford
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An Introduction to Benford's Law
Author: Arno Berger
Year: May 25, 2015
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 3.8 MB
Language: English



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An Introduction to Benford's Law Benford's Law, a logarithmic distribution of significant digits discovered in the late nineteenth century, has been a subject of fascination for mathematicians and statisticians alike. This comprehensive text provides an in-depth treatment of the mathematical and statistical principles that underpin this phenomenon, combining up-to-date theoretical results with a rich history, a rapidly growing body of empirical evidence, and a wide range of applications. Chapter 1: Basic Facts The book begins by introducing basic facts about significant digits, Benford functions, sequences, and random variables, including tools from the theory of uniform distribution. These concepts are essential to understanding the scale base and sum invariance characterizations of the law. Chapter 2: Properties of Significant Digits In this chapter, the author delves into the properties of significant digits, including deterministic and stochastic processes such as iterations of functions, powers of matrices, differential equations, and products of random variables. The reader will gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of the law and its applications.
Введение в закон Бенфорда Закон Бенфорда, логарифмическое распределение значащих цифр, обнаруженное в конце девятнадцатого века, было предметом очарования как для математиков, так и для статистиков. Этот всеобъемлющий текст обеспечивает углубленное рассмотрение математических и статистических принципов, лежащих в основе этого явления, сочетая современные теоретические результаты с богатой историей, быстро растущим объемом эмпирических данных и широким спектром применений. Глава 1: Основные факты Книга начинается с введения основных фактов о значащих цифрах, функциях Бенфорда, последовательностях и случайных величинах, включая инструменты из теории равномерного распределения. Эти понятия являются существенными для понимания характеристик базовой и суммарной инвариантности закона. Глава 2: Свойства значащих цифр В этой главе автор углубляется в свойства значащих цифр, включая детерминированные и стохастические процессы, такие как итерации функций, степени матриц, дифференциальные уравнения и произведения случайных величин. Читатель получит более глубокое понимание фундаментальной природы закона и его применения.
Introduction à la loi de Benford La loi de Benford, la distribution logarithmique des chiffres significatifs découverte à la fin du XIXe siècle, a été un sujet de charme pour les mathématiciens et les statisticiens. Ce texte complet fournit un examen approfondi des principes mathématiques et statistiques qui sous-tendent ce phénomène, combinant les résultats théoriques modernes avec une riche histoire, un volume de données empiriques en croissance rapide et un large éventail d'applications. Chapitre 1 : Faits de base livre commence par une introduction des faits de base sur les chiffres significatifs, les fonctions de Benford, les séquences et les variables aléatoires, y compris les outils de la théorie de la distribution uniforme. Ces concepts sont essentiels pour comprendre les caractéristiques de l'invariance fondamentale et totale de la loi. Chapitre 2 : s propriétés des chiffres significatifs Dans ce chapitre, l'auteur explore les propriétés des chiffres significatifs, y compris les processus déterministes et stochastiques, tels que les itérations de fonctions, les degrés de matrices, les équations différentielles et les produits de variables aléatoires. lecteur aura une meilleure compréhension de la nature fondamentale de la loi et de son application.
Introducción a la y Benford La y Benford, una distribución logarítmica de cifras significativas descubierta a finales del siglo XIX, fue objeto de encanto tanto para los matemáticos como para los estadísticos. Este amplio texto ofrece una visión a fondo de los principios matemáticos y estadísticos que sustentan este fenómeno, combinando los resultados teóricos modernos con una rica historia, un volumen de datos empíricos en rápido crecimiento y una amplia gama de aplicaciones. Capítulo 1: Hechos básicos libro comienza con la introducción de hechos básicos sobre los números significativos, funciones de Benford, secuencias y variables aleatorias, incluyendo instrumentos de la teoría de la distribución uniforme. Estos conceptos son esenciales para entender las características de la invariancia básica y sumaria de la ley. Capítulo 2: Propiedades de los dígitos significativos En este capítulo, el autor profundiza en las propiedades de los dígitos significativos, incluyendo los procesos deterministas y estocásticos, tales como iteraciones de funciones, grados de matrices, ecuaciones diferenciales y productos de variables aleatorias. lector obtendrá una comprensión más profunda de la naturaleza fundamental de la ley y su aplicación.
Introdução à i Benford da i de Benford, a distribuição logarítmica de números significativos, descoberta no final do século XIX. Foi um tema de charme para matemáticos e estatísticos. Este texto abrangente fornece um exame aprofundado dos princípios matemáticos e estatísticos subjacentes, combinando os resultados teóricos modernos com uma história rica, um volume crescente de dados empíricos e uma ampla gama de aplicações. Capítulo 1: Factos básicos O livro começa com a introdução de factos básicos sobre números significativos, funções de Benford, sequências e valores aleatórios, incluindo ferramentas da teoria da distribuição uniforme. Estes conceitos são essenciais para compreender as características da invariância básica e total da lei. Capítulo 2: As propriedades dos números significativos Neste capítulo, o autor aprofunda as propriedades dos números significativos, incluindo processos determinados e estoquísticos, tais como iterações de funções, graus de matriz, equações diferenciais e obras de valores aleatórios. O leitor terá uma maior compreensão da natureza fundamental da lei e de sua aplicação.
Einführung in das Benford-Gesetz Das Benford-Gesetz, eine logarithmische Verteilung signifikanter Zahlen, die Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts entdeckt wurde, war sowohl für Mathematiker als auch für Statistiker faszinierend. Dieser umfassende Text bietet eine eingehende Untersuchung der mathematischen und statistischen Prinzipien, die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegen, und kombiniert aktuelle theoretische Ergebnisse mit einer reichen Geschichte, einer schnell wachsenden Menge an empirischen Daten und einer breiten Palette von Anwendungen. Kapitel 1: Grundlegende Fakten Das Buch beginnt mit der Einführung der grundlegenden Fakten über signifikante Zahlen, Benford-Funktionen, Sequenzen und Zufallsgrößen, einschließlich der Werkzeuge aus der Theorie der gleichmäßigen Verteilung. Diese Konzepte sind wesentlich für das Verständnis der Eigenschaften der grundlegenden und summarischen Invarianz des Gesetzes. Kapitel 2: Eigenschaften signifikanter Ziffern In diesem Kapitel geht der Autor auf die Eigenschaften signifikanter Ziffern ein, einschließlich deterministischer und stochastischer Prozesse wie Iterationen von Funktionen, Matrixgrade, Differentialgleichungen und Produkte von Zufallsvariablen. Der ser erhält ein tieferes Verständnis der grundlegenden Natur des Gesetzes und seiner Anwendung.
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Benford Yasasına Giriş On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında keşfedilen önemli rakamların logaritmik bir dağılımı olan Benford Yasası, hem matematikçiler hem de istatistikçiler için bir hayranlık konusuydu. Bu kapsamlı metin, bu fenomenin altında yatan matematiksel ve istatistiksel ilkelerin derinlemesine incelenmesini sağlar ve modern teorik sonuçları zengin bir tarih, hızla büyüyen bir ampirik veri gövdesi ve çok çeşitli uygulamalarla birleştirir. Bölüm 1: Temel Gerçekler Kitap, önemli sayılar, Benford fonksiyonları, diziler ve tekdüze dağılım teorisinden araçlar da dahil olmak üzere rastgele değişkenler hakkındaki temel gerçekleri tanıtarak başlar. Bu kavramlar, yasanın temel ve toplam değişmezliğinin özelliklerini anlamak için gereklidir. Bölüm 2: Önemli Rakamların Özellikleri Bu bölümde yazar, fonksiyonların yinelenmesi, matrislerin güçleri, diferansiyel denklemler ve rassal değişkenlerin ürünleri gibi deterministik ve stokastik süreçler de dahil olmak üzere önemli rakamların özelliklerini inceler. Okuyucu, yasanın temel doğası ve uygulanması hakkında daha derin bir anlayış kazanacaktır.
كانت مقدمة لقانون بنفورد بينفورد، وهو توزيع لوغاريتمي لأرقام مهمة اكتشفت في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، موضوعًا مفتونًا لعلماء الرياضيات والإحصائيين على حد سواء. يقدم هذا النص الشامل دراسة متعمقة للمبادئ الرياضية والإحصائية الكامنة وراء هذه الظاهرة، حيث يجمع بين النتائج النظرية الحديثة والتاريخ الغني، ومجموعة سريعة النمو من البيانات التجريبية، ومجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات. الفصل 1: الحقائق الأساسية يبدأ الكتاب بتقديم حقائق أساسية حول الأعداد الكبيرة، ووظائف بينفورد، والتسلسلات، والمتغيرات العشوائية، بما في ذلك الأدوات من نظرية التوزيع الموحد. وهذه المفاهيم أساسية لفهم خصائص الثبات الأساسي والكامل للقانون. الفصل 2: خصائص الأرقام الهامة في هذا الفصل، يتعمق المؤلف في خصائص الأرقام المهمة، بما في ذلك العمليات الحتمية والعشوائية مثل تكرار الدوال، وقوى المصفوفات، والمعادلات التفاضلية، ومنتجات المتغيرات العشوائية. سيكتسب القارئ فهمًا أعمق للطبيعة الأساسية للقانون وتطبيقه.

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