BOOKS - War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683)
War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683) - Weichung Cheng 2013 PDF Brill BOOKS
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War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683)
Author: Weichung Cheng
Year: 2013
Pages: 390
Format: PDF
File size: 16.8 Мб
Language: ENG



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The Plot of War Trade and Piracy in the China Seas 1621-1683: In the early 17th century, the Ming Dynasty in China was facing imminent collapse. With the decline of the central government, the coastal waters of Fukien were left vulnerable to external threats, including pirates and foreign powers. To defend these waters, the imperial administration turned to members of the Cheng family, who were renowned for their military prowess and strategic thinking. These mercenaries, led by Cheng Chihlung, also known as Nicolas Iquan, formed the backbone of the empire's maritime defense and protected Chinese commercial interests in the East and South China Seas. As the Ming Dynasty struggled to maintain control, the Cheng family emerged as a powerful force in the region, leveraging their military might to establish a vast network of trade routes and commercial enterprises. They became the de facto rulers of the coastal waters, exercising authority over the local gentry and engaging in a thriving trade with foreign powers. However, their success did not go unchallenged, as other warlords and pirate groups began to vie for control of the lucrative sea lanes.
The Plot of War Trade and Piracy in the China Seas 1621-1683: В начале XVII века династию Мин в Китае ждал неминуемый крах. С упадком центрального правительства прибрежные воды Фукиэна остались уязвимыми для внешних угроз, включая пиратов и иностранные державы. Для защиты этих вод императорская администрация обратилась к членам семьи Чэн, которые славились своим военным мастерством и стратегическим мышлением. Эти наёмники во главе с Чэн Чихлунгом, также известным как Николя Ицюань, составляли основу морской обороны империи и защищали китайские коммерческие интересы в Восточно-Китайском и Южно-Китайском морях. Когда династия Мин изо всех сил пыталась сохранить контроль, семья Чэн стала мощной силой в регионе, используя свою военную мощь для создания обширной сети торговых маршрутов и коммерческих предприятий. Они стали фактическими правителями прибрежных вод, осуществляя власть над местной шляхтой и ведя процветающую торговлю с иностранными державами. Однако их успех не остался неизменным, поскольку другие военные бароны и пиратские группировки начали соперничать за контроль над прибыльными морскими путями.
The Plot of War Trade and Piray in the China Seas 1621-1683 : Au début du XVIIe siècle, la dynastie Ming en Chine attendait un effondrement imminent. Avec le déclin du gouvernement central, les eaux côtières de Fukieng sont restées vulnérables aux menaces extérieures, y compris les pirates et les puissances étrangères. Pour protéger ces eaux, l'administration impériale s'adressa aux membres de la famille Cheng, qui étaient réputés pour leur savoir-faire militaire et leur pensée stratégique. Ces mercenaires, dirigés par Cheng Chihlung, également connu sous le nom de Nicolas Iquan, constituaient la base de la défense maritime de l'empire et protégeaient les intérêts commerciaux chinois dans les mers de Chine orientale et de Chine méridionale. Lorsque la dynastie Ming a lutté pour garder le contrôle, la famille Cheng est devenue une force puissante dans la région, utilisant sa puissance militaire pour créer un vaste réseau de routes commerciales et d'entreprises commerciales. Ils sont devenus les dirigeants de facto des eaux côtières, exerçant un pouvoir sur le chapeau local et commerçant avec des puissances étrangères. Mais leur succès n'est pas resté inchangé, car d'autres barons militaires et groupes de pirates ont commencé à rivaliser pour contrôler des voies maritimes rentables.
The Plot of War Trade and Piracy in the China Seas 1621-1683: A principios del siglo XVII, la dinastía Ming en China esperaba un inminente colapso. Con el declive del gobierno central, las aguas costeras de Fukien siguieron siendo vulnerables a amenazas externas, incluidos piratas y potencias extranjeras. Para proteger estas aguas, la administración imperial se dirigió a los miembros de la familia Cheng, que eran famosos por su habilidad militar y pensamiento estratégico. Estos mercenarios, liderados por Cheng Chihlung, también conocido como Nicolas Yiquan, constituyeron la base de la defensa marítima del imperio y defendieron los intereses comerciales chinos en los mares de China Oriental y China Meridional. Cuando la dinastía Ming luchó por mantener el control, la familia Cheng se convirtió en una fuerza poderosa en la región, utilizando su poder militar para crear una extensa red de rutas comerciales y negocios comerciales. Se convirtieron en gobernantes de facto de las aguas costeras, ejerciendo el poder sobre el gentilicio local y llevando a cabo un próspero comercio con potencias extranjeras. n embargo, su éxito no se mantuvo invariable, ya que otros barones militares y grupos piratas comenzaron a competir por el control de las lucrativas rutas marítimas.
The Plot of War Trade and Piracy in the China Seas 1621-1683: Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts stand die Ming-Dynastie in China vor dem drohenden Zusammenbruch. Mit dem Niedergang der Zentralregierung blieben die Küstengewässer Fukiens anfällig für Bedrohungen von außen, einschließlich Piraten und ausländischer Mächte. Um diese Gewässer zu schützen, wandte sich die kaiserliche Verwaltung an Mitglieder der Cheng-Familie, die für ihre militärischen Fähigkeiten und ihr strategisches Denken berühmt waren. Diese Söldner, angeführt von Cheng Chihlung, auch bekannt als Nicolas Yiquan, bildeten das Rückgrat der maritimen Verteidigung des Reiches und verteidigten chinesische Handelsinteressen im Ostchinesischen und Südchinesischen Meer. Als die Ming-Dynastie darum kämpfte, die Kontrolle zu behalten, wurde die Familie Cheng zu einer mächtigen Kraft in der Region und nutzte ihre militärische Macht, um ein ausgedehntes Netzwerk von Handelsrouten und Handelsunternehmen aufzubauen. e wurden die eigentlichen Herrscher der Küstengewässer, übten die Macht über den lokalen Adel aus und führten einen florierenden Handel mit ausländischen Mächten. Ihr Erfolg blieb jedoch nicht unverändert, da andere Kriegsherren und Piratengruppen begannen, um die Kontrolle über die lukrativen Seewege zu konkurrieren.
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Çin Denizlerinde Savaş Ticareti ve Korsanlık Komplosu 1621-1683: 17. yüzyılın başında, Çin'deki Ming Hanedanı çöküşle karşı karşıyaydı. Merkezi hükümetin düşüşüyle birlikte, Fukien'in kıyı suları korsanlar ve yabancı güçler de dahil olmak üzere dış tehditlere karşı savunmasız kaldı. Bu suları korumak için imparatorluk yönetimi, askeri yetenekleri ve stratejik düşünceleriyle ünlü Cheng ailesinin üyelerine döndü. Nicolas Yiquan olarak da bilinen Cheng Chihlung liderliğindeki bu paralı askerler, imparatorluğun deniz savunmasının temelini oluşturdu ve Doğu Çin ve Güney Çin Denizi'ndeki Çin ticari çıkarlarını savundu. Ming hanedanı kontrolü sürdürmek için mücadele ederken, Cheng ailesi bölgede güçlü bir güç haline geldi ve askeri gücünü geniş bir ticaret yolları ve ticari girişimler ağı oluşturmak için kullandı. Kıyı sularının fiili yöneticileri oldular, yerel soylular üzerinde güç kullandılar ve yabancı güçlerle gelişen ticaret yaptılar. Bununla birlikte, başarıları değişmeden kalmadı, çünkü diğer savaş ağaları ve korsan grupları kazançlı nakliye yollarının kontrolü için yarışmaya başladı.
مؤامرة تجارة الحرب والقرصنة في بحار الصين 1621-1683: في بداية القرن السابع عشر، كانت سلالة مينغ في الصين تواجه انهيارًا وشيكًا. مع تراجع الحكومة المركزية، تُركت المياه الساحلية لفوكيان عرضة للتهديدات الخارجية، بما في ذلك القراصنة والقوى الأجنبية. لحماية هذه المياه، لجأت الإدارة الإمبراطورية إلى أفراد عائلة تشينغ، الذين اشتهروا ببراعتهم العسكرية وتفكيرهم الاستراتيجي. شكل هؤلاء المرتزقة، بقيادة تشينغ تشيهلونج، المعروف أيضًا باسم نيكولاس ييكوان، أساس الدفاع البحري للإمبراطورية ودافعوا عن المصالح التجارية الصينية في شرق الصين وبحر الصين الجنوبي. عندما كافحت سلالة مينغ للحفاظ على السيطرة، أصبحت عائلة تشينغ قوة قوية في المنطقة، باستخدام قوتها العسكرية لإنشاء شبكة واسعة من الطرق التجارية والمشاريع التجارية. أصبحوا الحكام الفعليين للمياه الساحلية، ومارسوا السلطة على طبقة النبلاء المحلية وأجروا تجارة مزدهرة مع القوى الأجنبية. لكن نجاحهم لم يتغير، حيث بدأ أمراء الحرب وفصائل القراصنة الآخرين في التنافس للسيطرة على ممرات الشحن المربحة.

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