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Literature on Trial: The Emergence of Critical Discourse in Germany, Poland and Russia, 1700-1800 - S.D. Chrostowska June 29, 2012 PDF  BOOKS
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Literature on Trial: The Emergence of Critical Discourse in Germany, Poland and Russia, 1700-1800
Author: S.D. Chrostowska
Year: June 29, 2012
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 724 KB
Language: English



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The Plot of Literature on Trial The Emergence of Critical Discourse in Germany, Poland, and Russia 1700-1800 In the late 18th century, Central and Eastern Europe witnessed a significant transformation in the way people perceived and analyzed literature. The rise of modern literary criticism marked a turning point in the evolution of technology, as it brought about a shift from focusing on aesthetic principles to understanding the development of literary critical forms. This period saw the emergence of critical discourse in Germany, Poland, and Russia, each with its unique linguistic and cultural landscape. In her book, SD Chrostowska delves into the relationship between these regions and their impact on the formation of literary critical knowledge. The Plot Unfolds The story begins in Germany, where the Enlightenment had a profound influence on literature and criticism. Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Judgment" (1790) laid the groundwork for a new era of critical thinking, emphasizing the importance of reason and individual judgment. This movement paved the way for the development of literary criticism, which became more focused on the study of form and structure rather than mere aesthetics. The works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, such as "Laokoon" (1766), played a crucial role in this process, as they introduced the concept of "laocoonte" – the idea that art should be judged based on its internal coherence rather than external beauty. In Poland, the political and social upheavals of the time influenced the evolution of literary criticism. As the country was torn apart by warring factions, literature became a tool for social commentary and critique.
The Plot of Literature on Trial Возникновение критического дискурса в Германии, Польше и России 1700-1800 В конце XVIII века в Центральной и Восточной Европе произошли значительные изменения в том, как люди воспринимали и анализировали литературу. Подъём современного литературоведения стал поворотным моментом в эволюции технологии, так как он привёл к переходу от сосредоточения на эстетических принципах к пониманию развития литературно-критических форм. Этот период ознаменовался появлением критического дискурса в Германии, Польше и России, каждый со своим уникальным языковым и культурным ландшафтом. В своей книге С. Д. Хростовска углубляется во взаимоотношения между этими регионами и их влияние на формирование литературно-критического знания. Сюжет разворачивается История начинается в Германии, где Просвещение оказало глубокое влияние на литературу и критику. «Критика суждения» Иммануила Канта (1790) заложила основу для новой эры критического мышления, подчеркнув важность разума и индивидуального суждения. Это движение проложило путь к развитию литературной критики, которая стала больше ориентирована на изучение формы и структуры, а не просто на эстетику. Работы Готхольда Эфраима Лессинга, такие как «Laokoon» (1766), сыграли решающую роль в этом процессе, так как ввели понятие «laocoonte» - идею о том, что искусство должно оцениваться на основе его внутренней связности, а не внешней красоты. В Польше политические и социальные потрясения того времени повлияли на эволюцию литературной критики. Поскольку страну разрывали враждующие группировки, литература стала инструментом социальных комментариев и критики.
The Plot of Literature on Trial L'émergence d'un discours critique en Allemagne, en Pologne et en Russie 1700-1800 À la fin du XVIIIe siècle, l'Europe centrale et orientale a connu des changements importants dans la façon dont les gens perçoivent et analysent la littérature. L'ascension de la littérature moderne a marqué un tournant dans l'évolution de la technologie, car elle a conduit à passer de la concentration sur les principes esthétiques à la compréhension du développement des formes littéraires et critiques. Cette période a été marquée par l'émergence d'un discours critique en Allemagne, en Pologne et en Russie, chacun avec son propre paysage linguistique et culturel. Dans son livre, S. D. Khrostovska approfondit les relations entre ces régions et leur impact sur la formation des connaissances littéraires et critiques. L'histoire commence en Allemagne, où les Lumières ont eu un impact profond sur la littérature et la critique. La « critique du jugement » d'Immanuel Kant (1790) a jeté les bases d'une nouvelle ère de pensée critique, soulignant l'importance de la raison et du jugement individuel. Ce mouvement a ouvert la voie au développement de la critique littéraire, qui est devenue plus axée sur l'étude de la forme et de la structure que sur l'esthétique. s travaux de Gothold Efraim ssing, tels que Laokoon (1766), ont joué un rôle décisif dans ce processus, car ils ont introduit le concept de « laocoonte » - l'idée que l'art doit être évalué sur la base de sa connectivité intérieure et non de sa beauté extérieure. En Pologne, les bouleversements politiques et sociaux de l'époque ont influencé l'évolution de la critique littéraire. Comme le pays a été déchiré par des groupes belligérants, la littérature est devenue un instrument de commentaires et de critiques sociaux.
The Plot of Literature on Trial surgimiento del discurso crítico en Alemania, Polonia y Rusia 1700-1800 A finales del siglo XVIII se produjeron cambios significativos en la forma en que la gente percibía y analizaba la literatura en central y oriental. auge de la crítica literaria moderna supuso un punto de inflexión en la evolución de la tecnología, ya que llevó a pasar de centrarse en los principios estéticos a comprender el desarrollo de las formas literarias y críticas. Este período estuvo marcado por la aparición de un discurso crítico en Alemania, Polonia y Rusia, cada uno con su propio paisaje lingüístico y cultural único. En su libro, S. D. Khrostowska profundiza en la relación entre estas regiones y su influencia en la formación del conocimiento literario y crítico. La trama se desarrolla La historia comienza en Alemania, donde la Ilustración ha tenido una profunda influencia en la literatura y la crítica. La «crítica del juicio» de Immanuel Kant (1790) sentó las bases para una nueva era de pensamiento crítico, destacando la importancia de la razón y el juicio individual. Este movimiento allanó el camino para el desarrollo de la crítica literaria, que se orientó más hacia el estudio de la forma y la estructura, más que hacia la mera estética. obras de Gotthold Efraim ssing, como «Laokoon» (1766), jugaron un papel crucial en este proceso, ya que introdujeron el concepto de «laocoonte» - la idea de que el arte debe ser evaluado sobre la base de su conectividad interna y no de su belleza externa -. En Polonia, la agitación política y social de la época influyó en la evolución de la crítica literaria. A medida que las facciones beligerantes rompían el país, la literatura se convirtió en un instrumento de comentarios y críticas sociales.
The Plot of Literation on Trial Surgimento de um discurso crítico na Alemanha, Polônia e Rússia 1700-1800 No final do século XVIII, a Central e Oriental teve uma mudança significativa na forma como as pessoas percebiam e analisavam a literatura. A ascensão da literatura contemporânea representou um ponto de viragem na evolução da tecnologia, que levou a uma transição do foco em princípios estéticos para a compreensão do desenvolvimento das formas literárias e críticas. Este período foi marcado pelo surgimento de um discurso crítico na Alemanha, na Polônia e na Rússia, cada um com sua paisagem linguística e cultural única. Em seu livro, S. D. Hustowska aprofundou-se na relação entre estas regiões e sua influência na formação do conhecimento literário e crítico. A história é ambientada na Alemanha, onde o Iluminismo influenciou profundamente a literatura e a crítica. «Críticas ao julgamento», de Imanuel Kant (1790), estabeleceu as bases para uma nova era de pensamento crítico, ressaltando a importância da razão e do julgamento individual. Este movimento abriu caminho para o desenvolvimento da crítica literária, que se tornou mais focada no estudo da forma e da estrutura do que apenas na estética. O trabalho de Gotthold Efraim ssing, como «Laokoon» (1766), foi crucial neste processo, porque introduziu o conceito de «laocoonte» - a ideia de que a arte deve ser avaliada com base na sua conectividade interna e não na beleza externa. Na Polônia, as turbulências políticas e sociais da época influenciaram a evolução da crítica literária. Como o país foi quebrado por facções rivais, a literatura tornou-se uma ferramenta de comentários sociais e crítica.
The Plot of tterature on Trial L'insorgenza di un discorso critico in Germania, Polonia e Russia 1700-1800 Alla fine del XVIII secolo, l'centrale e orientale ha cambiato notevolmente il modo in cui le persone hanno percepito e analizzato la letteratura. L'ascesa della letteratura moderna ha rappresentato un punto di svolta nell'evoluzione della tecnologia, che ha portato alla transizione dal concentrarsi sui principi estetici alla comprensione dello sviluppo delle forme letterarie e critiche. Questo periodo ha segnato la nascita di un discorso critico in Germania, Polonia e Russia, ognuno con il suo unico panorama linguistico e culturale. Nel suo libro, S. D. Hrostowska approfondisce le relazioni tra queste regioni e la loro influenza sulla formazione della conoscenza letteraria e critica. La storia è ambientata in Germania, dove l'Illuminismo ha avuto un profondo impatto sulla letteratura e sulla critica. «La critica del giudizio» di Immanuel Kant (1790) ha gettato le basi per una nuova era di pensiero critico, sottolineando l'importanza della mente e del giudizio individuale. Questo movimento ha aperto la strada allo sviluppo della critica letteraria, che è diventata più focalizzata sullo studio della forma e della struttura piuttosto che semplicemente sull'estetica. opere di Gotthold Efraim ssing, comè Laokoon «(1766), hanno avuto un ruolo cruciale in questo processo perché hanno introdotto il concetto dì laocoonte», l'idea che l'arte debba essere valutata sulla base della sua connettività interiore e non della bellezza esterna. In Polonia, le turbolenze politiche e sociali dell'epoca influenzarono l'evoluzione della critica letteraria. Poiché il paese è stato spezzato da gruppi rivali, la letteratura è diventata uno strumento di commenti sociali e critica.
The Plot of Literature on Trial Entstehung eines kritischen Diskurses in Deutschland, Polen und Russland 1700-1800 Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts vollzog sich in Mittel- und Osteuropa ein bedeutender Wandel in der Art und Weise, wie Menschen Literatur wahrnahmen und analysierten. Der Aufstieg der modernen Literaturwissenschaft war ein Wendepunkt in der Entwicklung der Technologie, da er zum Übergang von der Konzentration auf ästhetische Prinzipien zum Verständnis der Entwicklung literaturkritischer Formen führte. Diese Zeit war geprägt von der Entstehung eines kritischen Diskurses in Deutschland, Polen und Russland, jeweils mit einer eigenen Sprach- und Kulturlandschaft. In seinem Buch vertieft sich S. D. Chrostowska in die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen diesen Regionen und deren Einfluss auf die Herausbildung literaturkritischen Wissens. Die Geschichte beginnt in Deutschland, wo die Aufklärung einen tiefgreifenden Einfluss auf Literatur und Kritik hatte. Immanuel Kants Kritik des Urteils (1790) legte den Grundstein für eine neue Ära des kritischen Denkens und betonte die Bedeutung der Vernunft und des individuellen Urteils. Diese Bewegung ebnete den Weg für die Entwicklung einer Literaturkritik, die sich mehr auf das Studium von Form und Struktur als nur auf Ästhetik konzentrierte. Gotthold Ephraim ssings Werke wie „Laokoon“ (1766) spielten eine entscheidende Rolle in diesem Prozess, als sie den Begriff der „Laocoonte“ einführten - die Idee, dass Kunst auf der Grundlage ihrer inneren Verbundenheit und nicht ihrer äußeren Schönheit bewertet werden sollte. In Polen beeinflussten die politischen und sozialen Umwälzungen der damaligen Zeit die Entwicklung der Literaturkritik. Als das Land von verfeindeten Gruppen zerrissen wurde, wurde Literatur zu einem Instrument sozialer Kommentare und Kritik.
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The Plot of Literature on Trial Almanya, Polonya ve Rusya'da eleştirel söylemin ortaya çıkışı 1700-1800 18. yüzyılın sonunda, insanların Orta ve Doğu Avrupa'daki edebiyatı algılama ve analiz etme biçiminde önemli değişiklikler oldu. Modern edebi eleştirinin yükselişi, teknolojinin evriminde bir dönüm noktasıydı, çünkü estetik ilkelere odaklanmaktan edebi ve eleştirel formların gelişimini anlamaya geçiş sağladı. Bu dönem, her biri kendine özgü dilsel ve kültürel manzaraya sahip olan Almanya, Polonya ve Rusya'da eleştirel söylemin ortaya çıkmasıyla belirginleşti. S. D. Khrostovsk, kitabında bu bölgeler arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bunların edebi ve eleştirel bilginin oluşumu üzerindeki etkilerini inceliyor. Hikaye, Aydınlanma'nın edebiyat ve eleştiri üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahip olduğu Almanya'da başlar. Immanuel Kant'ın "Yargı Eleştirisi" (1790), aklın ve bireysel yargının önemini vurgulayan yeni bir eleştirel düşünme çağının temelini attı. Bu hareket, sadece estetiğe değil, biçim ve yapı çalışmasına daha fazla odaklanan edebi eleştirinin gelişmesine yol açtı. Gotthold Ephraim ssing'in Laokoon (1766) gibi eserleri, bu süreçte belirleyici bir rol oynadı, çünkü "laocoonte" kavramını tanıttılar - sanatın iç bağlantısı temelinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiği fikri, dış güzelliği değil. Polonya'da, zamanın siyasi ve sosyal ayaklanmaları edebi eleştirinin evrimini etkiledi. Ülke savaşan hizipler tarafından parçalanırken, edebiyat toplumsal yorum ve eleştiri için bir araç haline geldi.
The Plot of Literature on Trial ظهور خطاب نقدي في ألمانيا وبولندا وروسيا 1700-1800 في نهاية القرن الثامن عشر، كانت هناك تغييرات كبيرة في الطريقة التي نظر بها الناس إلى الأدب في أوروبا الوسطى والشرقية وحللوه. كان ظهور النقد الأدبي الحديث نقطة تحول في تطور التكنولوجيا، حيث أدى إلى الانتقال من التركيز على المبادئ الجمالية إلى فهم تطور الأشكال الأدبية والنقدية. تميزت هذه الفترة بظهور خطاب نقدي في ألمانيا وبولندا وروسيا، ولكل منها مشهدها اللغوي والثقافي الفريد. في كتابه، يتعمق S. D. Khrostovsk في العلاقة بين هذه المناطق وتأثيرها على تكوين المعرفة الأدبية والنقدية. تتكشف القصة تبدأ القصة في ألمانيا، حيث كان للتنوير تأثير عميق على الأدب والنقد. وضع «نقد الحكم» لإيمانويل كانط (1790) الأساس لعصر جديد من التفكير النقدي، مؤكدا على أهمية العقل والحكم الفردي. مهدت هذه الحركة الطريق لتطوير النقد الأدبي، الذي أصبح أكثر تركيزًا على دراسة الشكل والبنية، وليس فقط الجماليات. لعبت أعمال غوتولد إفرايم ليسينغ، مثل لاوكون (1766)، دورًا حاسمًا في هذه العملية، حيث قدموا مفهوم «لاوكونتي» - فكرة أنه يجب تقييم الفن على أساس ارتباطه الداخلي، وليس الجمال الخارجي. في بولندا، أثرت الاضطرابات السياسية والاجتماعية في ذلك الوقت على تطور النقد الأدبي. مع تمزق البلاد من قبل الفصائل المتحاربة، أصبح الأدب أداة للتعليق الاجتماعي والنقد.

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