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The Global Trade Paradigm : Rethinking International Business in the Post-Pandemic World - Arun Kumar Expected publication August 30, 2023 PDF  BOOKS
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The Global Trade Paradigm : Rethinking International Business in the Post-Pandemic World
Author: Arun Kumar
Year: Expected publication August 30, 2023
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 2.1 MB
Language: English



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Leading nations of the world took several initiatives in this direction, starting with the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, which led to the establishment of the international monetary system, and the 1945 San Francisco Conference, which led to the founding of the United Nations. The impact of free trade, liberal economic policies, and the promotion of democracies helped in the economic recovery of war-devastated western Europe, Japan, and the Far East. However, the past decade has been highly turbulent due to economic and political reasons, and the imperfections of the global trade system itself. The COVID-19 pandemic was a black swan that further impacted trade. Today, we witness an increasingly polarized world where countries are turning inwards. Will an era of expansion and integration in global trade now change to one of isolation and retreat? How will the power dynamics of major nation-states affect the future of global trade? In "The Global Trade Paradigm: Rethinking International Business in the Post-Pandemic World Arun Kumar examines the global trade ecosystem and the stresses it faces today.
Ведущие страны мира предприняли несколько инициатив в этом направлении, начиная с Бреттон-Вудской конференции 1944 года, которая привела к созданию международной валютной системы, и Сан-Францисской конференции 1945 года, которая привела к основанию Организации Объединенных Наций. Влияние свободной торговли, либеральной экономической политики и продвижения демократий помогло экономическому восстановлению разрушенной войной Западной Европы, Японии и Дальнего Востока. Однако последнее десятилетие было очень турбулентным из-за экономических и политических причин, а также несовершенства самой глобальной торговой системы. Пандемия COVID-19 стала «черным лебедем», который еще больше повлиял на торговлю. Сегодня мы наблюдаем все более поляризованный мир, где страны поворачиваются внутрь себя. Изменится ли эра расширения и интеграции в глобальную торговлю теперь на изоляцию и отступление? Как динамика власти основных национальных государств повлияет на будущее глобальной торговли? В книге «Глобальная торговая парадигма: переосмысление международного бизнеса в мире после пандемии» Арун Кумар рассматривает глобальную торговую экосистему и стрессы, с которыми она сталкивается сегодня.
s principaux pays du monde ont pris plusieurs initiatives dans ce sens, à commencer par la Conférence de Bretton Woods de 1944, qui a conduit à la création du système monétaire international, et la Conférence de San Francisco de 1945, qui a conduit à la fondation des Nations Unies. L'influence du libre-échange, des politiques économiques libérales et de la promotion des démocraties a contribué à la reconstruction économique de l'Europe occidentale, du Japon et de l'Extrême-Orient détruits par la guerre. Cependant, la dernière décennie a été très turbulente en raison de raisons économiques et politiques, ainsi que de l'imperfection du système commercial mondial lui-même. La pandémie de COVID-19 est devenue un cygne noir qui a encore plus affecté le commerce. Aujourd'hui, nous assistons à un monde de plus en plus polarisé où les pays se tournent vers eux-mêmes. L'ère de l'élargissement et de l'intégration dans le commerce mondial va-t-elle maintenant passer à l'isolement et au retrait ? Comment la dynamique du pouvoir des principaux États-nations affectera-t-elle l'avenir du commerce mondial ? Dans le livre Global Trade Paradigme : Repenser les affaires internationales dans le monde après la pandémie, Arun Kumar examine l'écosystème commercial mondial et le stress qu'il subit aujourd'hui.
principales países del mundo han tomado varias iniciativas en esta dirección, comenzando con la Conferencia de Bretton Woods de 1944, que condujo al establecimiento del sistema monetario internacional, y la Conferencia de San Francisco de 1945, que dio lugar a la fundación de las Naciones Unidas. La influencia del libre comercio, la política económica liberal y el avance de las democracias ayudó a la reconstrucción económica de Occidental, Japón y el jano Oriente destruidos por la guerra. n embargo, la última década ha sido muy turbulenta debido a razones económicas y políticas, así como a las imperfecciones del propio sistema comercial mundial. La pandemia de COVID-19 se ha convertido en un «cisne negro» que ha afectado aún más al comercio. Hoy asistimos a un mundo cada vez más polarizado, donde los países giran dentro de sí mismos. La era de expansión e integración en el comercio mundial cambiará ahora a aislamiento y retirada? Cómo afectará la dinámica de poder de los principales Estados-nación al futuro del comercio mundial? En el libro «Global Trade Paradigma: Repensando los negocios internacionales en el mundo después de la pandemia», Arun Kumar repasa el ecosistema comercial global y las tensiones que enfrenta hoy en día.
Os principais países do mundo tomaram várias iniciativas nesse sentido, desde a Conferência de Bretton Woods de 1944, que resultou na criação de um sistema monetário internacional, e a Conferência de São Francisco de 1945, que resultou na fundação das Nações Unidas. A influência do livre comércio, da política econômica liberal e da promoção das democracias ajudou a reconstruir a Ocidental, Japão e Extremo Oriente devastados pela guerra. No entanto, a última década foi muito turbulenta devido às razões econômicas e políticas e às imperfeições do próprio sistema comercial global. A pandemia COVID-19 tornou-se um cisne negro que afetou ainda mais o comércio. Hoje assistimos a um mundo cada vez mais polarizado, onde os países se voltam para dentro de si mesmos. A era de expansão e integração no comércio global vai mudar agora para isolamento e retrocesso? Como é que a dinâmica de poder dos principais estados nacionais vai afetar o futuro do comércio global? No livro «Paradigma Global do Comércio: Redefinindo os negócios internacionais no mundo após a pandemia», Arun Kumar aborda o ecossistema comercial global e os estresses que enfrenta hoje.
I principali paesi del mondo hanno intrapreso diverse iniziative in questo senso, a partire dalla Conferenza di Bretton Woods del 1944, che ha portato alla creazione di un sistema monetario internazionale, e dalla Conferenza di San Francesco del 1945, che ha portato alla fondazione delle Nazioni Unite. L'influenza del libero scambio, delle politiche economiche liberali e della promozione delle democrazie ha contribuito alla ripresa economica dell'occidentale, del Giappone e dell'Estremo Oriente devastati dalla guerra. Ma l'ultimo decennio è stato molto turbolento a causa delle ragioni economiche e politiche e delle imperfezioni del sistema commerciale globale. La pandemia COVID-19 è diventata un'cigno nero "che ha influenzato ulteriormente il commercio. Oggi assistiamo a un mondo sempre più polarizzato, dove i paesi si girano dentro se stessi. L'era dell'espansione e dell'integrazione nel commercio globale cambierà ora verso l'isolamento e la ritirata? In che modo le dinamiche di potere delle principali nazioni influenzeranno il futuro del commercio globale? In «Global Trade Paradigma - Ripensamento delle imprese internazionali nel mondo dopo la pandemia», Arun Kumar affronta l'ecosistema commerciale globale e gli stress che sta affrontando oggi.
Führende Länder der Welt haben mehrere Initiativen in diese Richtung ergriffen, beginnend mit der Bretton-Woods-Konferenz von 1944, die zur Schaffung eines internationalen Währungssystems führte, und der San Francisco-Konferenz von 1945, die zur Gründung der Vereinten Nationen führte. Die Auswirkungen des Freihandels, der liberalen Wirtschaftspolitik und der Förderung von Demokratien trugen zum wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau des kriegszerstörten Westeuropas, Japans und des Fernen Ostens bei. Das letzte Jahrzehnt war jedoch aufgrund wirtschaftlicher und politischer Gründe sowie der Unvollkommenheit des globalen Handelssystems selbst sehr turbulent. Die COVID-19-Pandemie war ein „schwarzer Schwan“, der den Handel weiter beeinträchtigte. Heute erleben wir eine zunehmend polarisierte Welt, in der sich die Länder nach innen wenden. Wird sich die Ära der Expansion und Integration in den Welthandel nun in Isolation und Rückzug verwandeln? Wie wird sich die Machtdynamik der großen Nationalstaaten auf die Zukunft des Welthandels auswirken? In dem Buch „Das globale Handelsparadigma: Das internationale Geschäft in der Welt nach der Pandemie neu denken“ untersucht Arun Kumar das globale Handelsökosystem und die Belastungen, denen es heute ausgesetzt ist.
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Dünyanın önde gelen ülkeleri, uluslararası para sisteminin kurulmasına yol açan 1944 Bretton Woods Konferansı ve Birleşmiş Milletler'in kurulmasına yol açan 1945 San Francisco Konferansı'ndan başlayarak bu yönde çeşitli girişimlerde bulundular. Serbest ticaretin, liberal ekonomi politikalarının ve demokrasilerin teşvikinin etkisi, savaşın harap ettiği Batı Avrupa, Japonya ve Uzak Doğu'nun ekonomik iyileşmesine yardımcı oldu. Bununla birlikte, son on yıl, ekonomik ve politik nedenlerin yanı sıra küresel ticaret sistemindeki kusurlar nedeniyle çok çalkantılı olmuştur. COVID-19 salgını, ticareti daha da etkileyen bir'siyah kuğu "haline geldi. Bugün ülkelerin içe döndüğü, giderek kutuplaşan bir dünya görüyoruz. Genişleme ve küresel ticarete entegrasyon dönemi şimdi izolasyon ve geri çekilmeye dönüşecek mi? Büyük ulus devletlerin güç dinamikleri küresel ticaretin geleceğini nasıl etkileyecek? Küresel Ticaret Paradigması: Pandemi Sonrası Dünyada Uluslararası Ticareti Yeniden Düşünmek'te Arun Kumar, küresel ticaret ekosistemine ve bugün karşılaştığı streslere bakıyor.
اتخذت البلدان الرائدة في العالم عدة مبادرات في هذا الاتجاه، بدءا بمؤتمر بريتون وودز لعام 1944، الذي أدى إلى إنشاء النظام النقدي الدولي، ومؤتمر سان فرانسيسكو لعام 1945، الذي أدى إلى إنشاء الأمم المتحدة. ساعد تأثير التجارة الحرة والسياسات الاقتصادية الليبرالية وتعزيز الديمقراطيات على الانتعاش الاقتصادي لأوروبا الغربية واليابان والشرق الأقصى التي دمرتها الحرب. بيد أن العقد الماضي كان مضطربا للغاية لأسباب اقتصادية وسياسية، فضلا عن أوجه القصور في النظام التجاري العالمي نفسه. أصبح وباء COVID-19 «بجعة سوداء» أثرت بشكل أكبر على التجارة. نشهد اليوم عالماً مستقطباً بشكل متزايد حيث تتحول البلدان إلى الداخل. هل سيتغير عصر التوسع والاندماج في التجارة العالمية الآن إلى عزلة وتراجع ؟ كيف ستؤثر ديناميكيات القوة للدول القومية الكبرى على مستقبل التجارة العالمية ؟ في نموذج التجارة العالمية: إعادة التفكير في الأعمال الدولية في عالم ما بعد الوباء، ينظر آرون كومار إلى النظام البيئي التجاري العالمي والضغوط التي يواجهها اليوم.

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