BOOKS - Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism
Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism - Mary Graham September 1, 2002 PDF  BOOKS
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Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism
Author: Mary Graham
Year: September 1, 2002
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 40 MB
Language: English



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The book "Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism" presents a thought-provoking exploration of the role of technology in shaping modern society, particularly in the realm of governance and regulation. The author, Mary Graham, delves into the concept of legislated transparency and its potential to improve the lives of ordinary citizens. This essay will provide a detailed description of the plot, focusing on the need to study and understand the technological evolution that is reshaping our world. In the early 1990s, the Institute of Medicine stunned the nation with a startling statistic - up to 9,800 Americans were losing their lives annually due to medical errors within hospitals, a figure twice the number of fatalities resulting from auto accidents (Graham, 2006). In response to this alarming revelation, the Institute advocated for a system of standardized disclosure of medical mistakes, rather than relying solely on strict rules and penalties to address these risks. This approach aimed to create economic and political pressures for hospitals to enhance their practices, ultimately leading to improved patient care. Since the mid-1980s, Congress and state legislatures have enacted numerous disclosure laws targeting racial discrimination, corruption, and service quality improvement. These measures represent a groundbreaking policy innovation, as they mandate organizations to produce factual information at regular intervals about risks they generate, thereby empowering citizens with knowledge (Graham, 2006).
В книге «Демократия путем раскрытия: становление технопопулизма» («Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism») представлено вызывающее размышления исследование роли технологий в формировании современного общества, особенно в области управления и регулирования. Автор, Мэри Грэм, углубляется в концепцию законодательно закрепленной прозрачности и ее потенциал для улучшения жизни простых граждан. В этом эссе будет дано подробное описание сюжета с акцентом на необходимость изучения и понимания технологической эволюции, которая меняет облик нашего мира. В начале 1990-х годов Институт медицины ошеломил нацию поразительной статистикой - до 9800 американцев ежегодно гибли из-за медицинских ошибок в больницах, что вдвое превышает число погибших в результате автомобильных аварий (Graham, 2006). В ответ на это тревожное откровение Институт выступил за систему стандартизированного раскрытия медицинских ошибок, а не полагаться исключительно на строгие правила и наказания для устранения этих рисков. Этот подход был направлен на создание экономического и политического давления на больницы для улучшения их практики, что в конечном итоге привело к улучшению ухода за пациентами. С середины 1980-х годов Конгресс и законодательные органы штатов приняли многочисленные законы о раскрытии информации, направленные на расовую дискриминацию, коррупцию и улучшение качества услуг. Эти меры представляют собой революционную инновацию в политике, поскольку они предписывают организациям регулярно предоставлять фактическую информацию о рисках, которые они создают, тем самым расширяя возможности граждан с помощью знаний (Graham, 2006).
livre « Democracy by Disclosure : The Rise of Technopopulism » présente une étude réfléchie sur le rôle de la technologie dans la formation de la société moderne, en particulier dans le domaine de la gouvernance et de la réglementation. L'auteur, Mary Graham, approfondit le concept de transparence législative et son potentiel pour améliorer la vie des citoyens ordinaires. Cet essai donnera une description détaillée de l'histoire, en mettant l'accent sur la nécessité d'étudier et de comprendre l'évolution technologique qui change la forme de notre monde. Au début des années 1990, l'Institut de médecine a impressionné la nation avec des statistiques étonnantes - jusqu'à 9,800 Américains sont morts chaque année à cause d'erreurs médicales dans les hôpitaux, soit le double du nombre de morts dans les accidents de voiture (Graham, 2006). En réponse à cette révélation inquiétante, l'Institut a préconisé un système de divulgation standardisée des erreurs médicales plutôt que de s'appuyer uniquement sur des règles et des sanctions strictes pour éliminer ces risques. Cette approche visait à créer des pressions économiques et politiques sur les hôpitaux pour améliorer leur pratique, ce qui a finalement permis d'améliorer les soins aux patients. Depuis le milieu des années 80, le Congrès et les organes législatifs des États ont adopté de nombreuses lois de divulgation visant à lutter contre la discrimination raciale, la corruption et l'amélioration de la qualité des services. Ces mesures représentent une innovation révolutionnaire en matière de politique, car elles obligent les organisations à fournir régulièrement des informations factuelles sur les risques qu'elles posent, donnant ainsi aux citoyens les moyens d'agir grâce au savoir (Graham, 2006).
libro Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism presenta un estudio reflexivo sobre el papel de la tecnología en la formación de la sociedad moderna, especialmente en el campo de la gobernanza y la regulación. La autora, Mary Graham, profundiza en el concepto de transparencia legislada y su potencial para mejorar la vida de los ciudadanos comunes y corrientes. Este ensayo ofrecerá una descripción detallada de la trama, con énfasis en la necesidad de estudiar y comprender la evolución tecnológica que está cambiando la apariencia de nuestro mundo. A principios de la década de 1990, el Instituto de Medicina sorprendió a la nación con asombrosas estadísticas - hasta 9.800 estadounidenses murieron cada año debido a errores médicos en los hospitales, el doble del número de muertos por accidentes automovilísticos (Graham, 2006). En respuesta a esta inquietante revelación, el Instituto abogó por un sistema de revelación estandarizada de errores médicos, en lugar de depender exclusivamente de reglas y sanciones estrictas para eliminar estos riesgos. Este enfoque tenía como objetivo crear presión económica y política sobre los hospitales para mejorar sus prácticas, lo que finalmente se tradujo en una mejor atención a los pacientes. Desde mediados de la década de 1980, el Congreso y las legislaturas de los estados han aprobado numerosas leyes de divulgación que tienen por objeto la discriminación racial, la corrupción y la mejora de la calidad de los servicios. Estas medidas representan una innovación revolucionaria en la política, ya que obligan a las organizaciones a proporcionar regularmente información real sobre los riesgos que generan, empoderando así a los ciudadanos a través del conocimiento (Graham, 2006).
Il libro «Democrazia attraverso la divulgazione» (Democrazia e Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism) presenta uno studio riflettente sul ruolo della tecnologia nella formazione della società moderna, in particolare nel campo della governance e della regolamentazione. L'autrice, Mary Graham, approfondisce il concetto di trasparenza legale e il suo potenziale per migliorare la vita dei cittadini comuni. Questo saggio fornirà una descrizione dettagliata della storia, con l'accento sulla necessità di studiare e comprendere l'evoluzione tecnologica che sta cambiando l'aspetto del nostro mondo. All'inizio degli anni Novanta, l'Istituto di Medicina ha stupito la nazione con statistiche sorprendenti - fino a 9800 americani sono morti ogni anno a causa di errori medici negli ospedali, il doppio del numero di morti causati da incidenti stradali (Graham, 2006). In risposta a questa allarmante rivelazione, l'Istituto ha sostenuto un sistema di divulgazione standardizzata degli errori medici, piuttosto che affidarsi esclusivamente a regole e punizioni severe per eliminare questi rischi. Questo approccio mirava a creare pressioni economiche e politiche sugli ospedali per migliorare le loro pratiche, che alla fine hanno portato a migliorare la cura dei pazienti. Dalla metà degli anni Ottanta, il Congresso e le legislature statali hanno approvato numerose leggi di divulgazione mirate alla discriminazione razziale, alla corruzione e al miglioramento dei servizi. Queste misure rappresentano una rivoluzionaria innovazione politica, perché impongono alle organizzazioni di fornire regolarmente informazioni concrete sui rischi che essi comportano, aumentando così le capacità dei cittadini attraverso la conoscenza (Graham, 2006).
In dem Buch Democracy by Disclosure: The Rise of Technopopulism wird die Rolle der Technologie bei der Gestaltung der modernen Gesellschaft, insbesondere in den Bereichen Governance und Regulierung, anschaulich untersucht. Die Autorin, Mary Graham, vertieft sich in das Konzept der gesetzlich verankerten Transparenz und ihr Potenzial, das ben gewöhnlicher Bürger zu verbessern. Dieser Aufsatz wird eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Handlung geben, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Notwendigkeit liegt, die technologische Entwicklung zu untersuchen und zu verstehen, die das Gesicht unserer Welt verändert. In den frühen 1990er Jahren verblüffte das Institute of Medicine die Nation mit erstaunlichen Statistiken - bis zu 9.800 Amerikaner starben jedes Jahr an medizinischen Fehlern in Krankenhäusern, doppelt so viele wie bei Autounfällen (Graham, 2006). Als Reaktion auf diese beunruhigende Enthüllung befürwortete das Institut ein System zur standardisierten Offenlegung medizinischer Fehler, anstatt sich ausschließlich auf strenge Regeln und Strafen zu verlassen, um diese Risiken anzugehen. Dieser Ansatz zielte darauf ab, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Druck auf Krankenhäuser zu erzeugen, um ihre Praktiken zu verbessern, was letztendlich zu einer besseren Patientenversorgung führte. Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre haben der Kongress und die staatlichen Gesetzgeber zahlreiche Offenlegungsgesetze verabschiedet, die auf Rassendiskriminierung, Korruption und die Verbesserung der Dienstleistungsqualität abzielen. Diese Maßnahmen stellen eine revolutionäre Innovation in der Politik dar, da sie Organisationen dazu verpflichten, regelmäßig sachliche Informationen über die von ihnen verursachten Risiken bereitzustellen und so die Bürger durch Wissen zu stärken (Graham, 2006).
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İfşaatla Demokrasi: Teknopopulizmin Yükselişi, özellikle yönetişim ve düzenleme alanında, teknolojinin modern toplumu şekillendirmedeki rolüne dair düşündürücü bir çalışma sunuyor. Yazar Mary Graham, yasal şeffaflık kavramını ve sıradan vatandaşların yaşamlarını iyileştirme potansiyelini araştırıyor. Bu makale, dünyamızın yüzünü değiştiren teknolojik evrimi inceleme ve anlama ihtiyacına vurgu yaparak, arsa hakkında ayrıntılı bir açıklama sağlayacaktır. 1990'ların başında, Tıp Enstitüsü şaşırtıcı bir istatistikle milleti şaşkına çevirdi - hastanelerdeki tıbbi hatalar nedeniyle her yıl 9.800'e kadar Amerikalı öldü, bu da araba kazalarından ölenlerin sayısını ikiye katladı (Graham, 2006). Bu rahatsız edici vahiylere yanıt olarak, Enstitü, bu riskleri ele almak için yalnızca katı kurallara ve cezalara dayanmak yerine standart bir tıbbi hata açıklama sistemini savundu. Bu yaklaşım, hastanelerin uygulamalarını iyileştirmek için ekonomik ve politik baskı yaratmaya çalıştı ve sonuçta hasta bakımının iyileştirilmesine yol açtı. 1980'lerin ortalarından bu yana, Kongre ve eyalet yasama organları, ırk ayrımcılığı, yolsuzluk ve hizmetlerin kalitesini iyileştirmeyi amaçlayan çok sayıda açıklama yasası çıkardı. Bu önlemler, politikada devrim niteliğinde bir yeniliği temsil eder, çünkü örgütleri, ortaya koydukları riskler hakkında düzenli olarak gerçek bilgiler vermelerini ve böylece vatandaşları bilgi yoluyla güçlendirmelerini zorunlu kılar (Graham, 2006).
الديمقراطية عن طريق الكشف: تقدم صعود التكنوبولية دراسة مثيرة للتفكير حول دور التكنولوجيا في تشكيل المجتمع الحديث، لا سيما في مجال الحكم والتنظيم. تتعمق الكاتبة ماري جراهام في مفهوم الشفافية التشريعية وإمكاناتها لتحسين حياة المواطنين العاديين. سيوفر هذا المقال وصفًا مفصلاً للحبكة، مع التركيز على الحاجة إلى دراسة وفهم التطور التكنولوجي الذي يغير وجه عالمنا. في أوائل التسعينيات، أذهل معهد الطب الأمة بإحصائية مذهلة - مات ما يصل إلى 9 800 أمريكيًا كل عام بسبب أخطاء طبية في المستشفيات، أي ضعف عدد القتلى من حوادث السيارات (غراهام، 2006). وردا على هذا الكشف المزعج، دعا المعهد إلى وضع نظام موحد للكشف عن الأخطاء الطبية بدلا من الاعتماد فقط على قواعد وعقوبات صارمة للتصدي لهذه المخاطر. سعى هذا النهج إلى خلق ضغط اقتصادي وسياسي على المستشفيات لتحسين ممارساتها، مما أدى في النهاية إلى تحسين رعاية المرضى. منذ منتصف الثمانينيات، أصدر الكونغرس والهيئات التشريعية للولايات العديد من قوانين الكشف التي تهدف إلى التمييز العنصري والفساد وتحسين جودة الخدمات. تمثل هذه التدابير ابتكارًا ثوريًا في السياسة لأنها تكلف المنظمات بتقديم معلومات واقعية بانتظام حول المخاطر التي تشكلها، وبالتالي تمكين المواطنين من خلال المعرفة (Graham، 2006).

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