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A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule - Jonathan Schlesinger January 11, 2017 PDF  BOOKS
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A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule
Author: Jonathan Schlesinger
Year: January 11, 2017
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 14 MB
Language: English



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A World Trimmed with Fur: The Evolution of Technology and the Survival of Humanity In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the booming demand for natural resources transformed China and its frontiers. Historians of China have described this process in stark terms, painting a picture of pristine borderlands that were ravaged by the influx of homesteaders and the extraction of resources. However, Manchu and Mongolian archives reveal a different story. Well before homesteaders arrived, wild objects from the far north became part of elite fashion and unprecedented consumption had exhausted the region's most precious resources. In A World Trimmed with Fur, Jonathan Schlesinger uses these diverse archives to reveal how Qing rule witnessed not the destruction of unspoiled environments, but their invention. Qing frontiers were never pristine in the nineteenth century. Parasitic peasants had stripped riverbeds of mussels, mushroom pickers had uprooted the steppe, and fur-bearing animals had disappeared from the forest. In response, the court turned to purification and registered and arrested poachers. This reformed territorial rule and redefined the boundary between the pristine and the corrupted.
Мир, отделанный мехом: эволюция технологий и выживание человечества В восемнадцатом и девятнадцатом веках бурный спрос на природные ресурсы преобразил Китай и его границы. Историки Китая описали этот процесс в резких выражениях, нарисовав картину нетронутых пограничных земель, которые были разорены притоком домовладельцев и добычей ресурсов. Однако маньчжурские и монгольские архивы раскрывают другую историю. Задолго до прихода землевладельцев дикие объекты с крайнего севера стали частью элитной моды, и беспрецедентное потребление исчерпало самые драгоценные ресурсы региона. В книге «Мир, отделанный мехом» Джонатан Шлезингер использует эти разнообразные архивы, чтобы показать, как правление Цин стало свидетелем не уничтожения нетронутой окружающей среды, а их изобретения. Цинские границы никогда не были нетронутыми в девятнадцатом веке. Крестьяне-паразиты сорвали русла рек с мидий, грибники выкорчевали степь, пушные звери исчезли из леса. В ответ суд обратился к очищению и зарегистрировал и арестовал браконьеров. Это реформировало территориальное правление и переопределило границу между нетронутым и испорченным.
Un monde délimité par la fourrure : l'évolution de la technologie et la survie de l'humanité Au XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, une forte demande de ressources naturelles a transformé la Chine et ses frontières. s historiens chinois ont décrit ce processus en termes brusques, en dessinant un tableau des terres frontalières intactes qui ont été détruites par l'afflux de propriétaires et l'extraction de ressources. Cependant, les archives manchouriennes et mongoles révèlent une autre histoire. Bien avant l'arrivée des propriétaires terriens, les objets sauvages de l'extrême nord faisaient partie de la mode d'élite, et une consommation sans précédent épuisait les ressources les plus précieuses de la région. Dans le livre Monde fini avec la fourrure, Jonathan Schlesinger utilise ces différentes archives pour montrer comment le règne de Qing n'a pas été témoin de la destruction d'un environnement intact, mais de leurs inventions. s frontières du Qing n'ont jamais été intactes au XIXe siècle. s paysans parasites ont arraché les rivières des moules, les champignons ont arraché la steppe, les bêtes à fourrure ont disparu de la forêt. En réponse, le tribunal a demandé le nettoyage et a enregistré et arrêté les braconniers. Cela a réformé la gouvernance territoriale et redéfini la frontière entre intact et corrompu.
Un mundo acabado con pieles: la evolución de la tecnología y la supervivencia de la humanidad En los siglos XVIII y XIX, la demanda turbulenta de recursos naturales transformó China y sus fronteras. historiadores chinos describieron el proceso en términos abruptos, dibujando una imagen de las tierras fronterizas intactas que fueron arrasadas por la afluencia de propietarios de viviendas y la extracción de recursos. n embargo, los archivos manchúes y mongoles revelan una historia diferente. Mucho antes de la llegada de los terratenientes, los objetos salvajes del extremo norte se habían convertido en parte de la moda de élite, y el consumo sin precedentes había agotado los recursos más preciados de la región. En el libro «mundo acabado con pieles», Jonathan Schlesinger utiliza estos diversos archivos para mostrar cómo el reinado de Qing no fue testigo de la destrucción del medio ambiente virgen, sino de sus invenciones. fronteras Qing nunca estuvieron intactas en el siglo XIX. campesinos parásitos arrancaron los cauces de los ríos de los mejillones, los hongos arrancaron la estepa, las bestias de cañón desaparecieron del bosque. En respuesta, el tribunal recurrió a la limpieza y registró y detuvo a los cazadores furtivos. Esto reformó el gobierno territorial y redefinió la frontera entre lo intacto y lo deteriorado.
Um mundo com peles: a evolução da tecnologia e a sobrevivência da humanidade Nos séculos dezoito e dezenove, a demanda intensa por recursos naturais transformou a China e suas fronteiras. Os historiadores da China descreveram o processo em termos contundentes, desenhando uma imagem de terras fronteiriças intocadas que foram destruídas pela entrada de proprietários de casa e pela extração de recursos. No entanto, os arquivos da Mangueira e da Mongólia revelam uma história diferente. Muito antes da chegada dos proprietários de terras, objetos selvagens do extremo norte se tornaram parte da moda de luxo, e o consumo sem precedentes esgotou os recursos mais preciosos da região. Em «O Mundo das Peles», Jonathan Schlesinger usa esses arquivos variados para mostrar como o reinado de Qing não testemunhou a destruição do ambiente intacto, mas a sua invenção. As fronteiras de Zing nunca estiveram intactas no século XIX. Os camponeses parasitas arrancaram os leitos dos rios dos mexilhões, os fungos arrancaram a estepe e os animais de pelúcia desapareceram da floresta. Em resposta, o tribunal pediu purificação e registrou e prendeu os atiradores furtivos. Isso reformou a governação territorial e redefiniu o limite entre intacto e estragado.
Il mondo della pelliccia: l'evoluzione della tecnologia e la sopravvivenza dell'umanità Nel diciottesimo e diciannovesimo secolo una forte domanda di risorse naturali ha trasformato la Cina e i suoi confini. Gli storici cinesi hanno descritto questo processo in termini drastici, dipingendo un quadro delle terre di confine intatte che sono state rovinate dall'afflusso di proprietari di case e dall'estrazione di risorse. Ma gli archivi Manciuri e mongoli rivelano un'altra storia. Molto prima dell'arrivo dei proprietari terrieri, gli oggetti selvatici provenienti dall'estremo nord sono diventati parte della moda di lusso, e un consumo senza precedenti ha esaurito le risorse più preziose della regione. Nel libro «Un mondo fatto di pellicce», Jonathan Schlesinger usa questi vari archivi per dimostrare come il regno di Qing non abbia assistito alla distruzione dell'ambiente intatto, ma alla loro invenzione. I confini dello zinco non sono mai stati intatti nel diciannovesimo secolo. I contadini parassiti hanno strappato i fiumi dai fiumi, i funghi hanno strappato la steppa, gli animali sono spariti dalla foresta. In risposta, il tribunale ha chiesto la purificazione e ha registrato e arrestato i bracconieri. Questo ha riformato il governo territoriale e ha ridefinito il confine tra intatto e rovinato.
Die Welt mit Pelz getrimmt: die Entwicklung der Technologie und das Überleben der Menschheit Im achtzehnten und neunzehnten Jahrhundert hat die stürmische Nachfrage nach natürlichen Ressourcen China und seine Grenzen verändert. Chinas Historiker haben diesen Prozess in drastischen Worten beschrieben und ein Bild von unberührtem Grenzland gezeichnet, das durch den Zustrom von Hausbesitzern und die Gewinnung von Ressourcen verwüstet wurde. Die mandschurischen und mongolischen Archive enthüllen jedoch eine andere Geschichte. Lange bevor die Landbesitzer kamen, wurden wilde Objekte aus dem hohen Norden Teil der Elite-Mode, und der beispiellose Konsum erschöpfte die kostbarsten Ressourcen der Region. In dem Buch The World Finished with Fur zeigt Jonathan Schlesinger anhand dieser vielfältigen Archive, wie die Qing-Herrschaft nicht die Zerstörung einer intakten Umwelt, sondern deren Erfindung miterlebt hat. Die Qing-Grenzen waren im 19. Jahrhundert nie unberührt. Parasitäre Bauern rissen Flussbetten von Muscheln, Pilzsammler entwurzelten die Steppe, Pelztiere verschwanden aus dem Wald. Als Reaktion darauf wandte sich das Gericht an die Reinigung und registrierte und verhaftete die Wilderer. Dies hat die territoriale Herrschaft reformiert und die Grenze zwischen intakt und verdorben neu definiert.
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Kürkle Süslenmiş Bir Dünya: Teknolojinin Evrimi ve İnsanlığın Hayatta Kalması On sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyıllarda, doğal kaynaklara olan coşkulu talep Çin'i ve sınırlarını dönüştürdü. Çin'deki tarihçiler, süreci, ev sahiplerinin ve kaynak çıkarımının akışı tarafından tahrip edilen bozulmamış sınır topraklarının bir resmini çizerek, sert bir şekilde tanımladılar. Bununla birlikte, Mançu ve Moğol arşivleri farklı bir hikaye ortaya koymaktadır. Toprak sahipleri gelmeden çok önce, uzak kuzeyden gelen vahşi nesneler üst düzey modanın bir parçası haline geldi ve benzeri görülmemiş tüketim bölgenin en değerli kaynaklarını tüketti. "Kürklü Dünya'da Jonathan Schlesinger, Qing yönetiminin bozulmamış bir çevrenin yıkımına değil, buluşlarına nasıl tanık olduğunu göstermek için bu çeşitli arşivleri kullanıyor. Qing sınırlarına 19. yüzyılda hiç dokunulmadı. Parazit köylüler nehir yataklarını midyelerden kopardılar, mantar toplayıcıları bozkırı kökünden söktüler, kürk taşıyan hayvanlar ormandan kayboldu. Buna karşılık, mahkeme temizliğe döndü ve kaçak avcıları kaydetti ve tutukladı. Bu reform toprak kuralı ve bozulmamış ve şımarık arasındaki sınırı yeniden tanımladı.
عالم مشذب بالفراء: تطور التكنولوجيا وبقاء البشرية في القرنين الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر، أدى الطلب الغزير على الموارد الطبيعية إلى تغيير الصين وحدودها. وصف المؤرخون في الصين العملية بعبارات صارخة، ورسموا صورة لأراضي حدودية نقية دمرها تدفق أصحاب المنازل واستخراج الموارد. ومع ذلك، تكشف أرشيفات مانشو ومنغوليا قصة مختلفة. قبل وقت طويل من وصول ملاك الأراضي، أصبحت الأشياء البرية من أقصى الشمال جزءًا من الموضة الراقية، واستنفد الاستهلاك غير المسبوق أغلى موارد المنطقة. في "The Fur-Trimmed World'، يستخدم جوناثان شليزنجر هذه الأرشيفات المتنوعة لإظهار كيف أن قاعدة تشينغ لم تشهد تدمير بيئة سليمة، ولكن اختراعها. لم تمس حدود تشينغ أبدًا في القرن التاسع عشر. مزق الفلاحون الطفيليون أسرة الأنهار من بلح البحر، واقتلع جامعو الفطر السهوب، واختفت الحيوانات الحاملة للفراء من الغابة. رداً على ذلك، لجأت المحكمة إلى التطهير وسجلت واعتقلت الصيادين. أدى هذا إلى إصلاح الحكم الإقليمي وإعادة تحديد الحدود بين السليم والمفسد.

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